Mass media in society

McChesney- ‘Rich Media, Poor Democracy’ McChesney wrote ‘Rich Media, Poor Democracy’ to show the democratic problems in United States and other countries in the world and how corporate media downplays the requirements of attaining an effective democratic system. The author also addressed the concentration of ownership in the media industry and how this has transformed the sector.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mass media in society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He further analyzes how public broadcast stations have gradually fallen due to policies that are deliberately formulated to protect corporate media. His study also evaluates the media industry and corporate ownership between 1970s and 1990s (McCheseney, 2000, p. 15-18). According to author, increase in the number of channels in U.S., is a major cause of corporate concentration in media industry. He argues that technologic al advancements in cable, television, digital media and satellite have resulted to changes in media ownership. He also argues that corporate concentration comes in as a response to the rapid changes in the industry. He asserts that for a media firm to make profits in such an industry, it has to invest in international distributors, stations, frequencies, operations of the channels and also in cable channels. The author of ‘Rich Media, Poor Democracy’ says that most of corporate concentration in the 1970s up to 1990s seemed to have conglomeration kind of media ownership. In such an ownership, a certain major media becomes a key shareholder in two or more sectors in the media industry. These sectors may be in recorded music, publishing sector and a broadcast sector. With such ownership, the operations of these media outlets’ can be interfered with by the advertisers who in most cases form the major corporate owners. With such influences, citizens are limited in mak ing informed decisions. This is because ownership threatens their democratic rights. Stories are also written in favor of the owners or else media practitioners risk losing their jobs. McChesney also argues that â€Å"the United States media system is an integral part of the capitalist political economy and that the relation it has important and troubling implications for democracy† (McCheseney, 2000, p. 15).Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Changes and consequences of the rapid increase in concentration of ownership in mass media, and the implications of this to consumers Concentration of media ownership is normally surrounded by large media systems owning few corporations or media firms .Concentration of ownership can be in the form of monopoly, whereby, one corporation owns the whole market. At other times, the ownership may be having two or more businesses o r media firms dominating the industry and compete with one another (Voelker Voelker,2002, p.65). Concentration of the media operates under the concept of ‘benefits go to the big fish’. Competition is the determinant factor of any kind of market economy and diversity. Concentration of a market results into homogeneity .The number of consumers are often limited and so is the market size. Unregulated concentration of the media cuts on the number of competitors hence creating a monopoly-dominance situation. Since 1990s, regulation of the content that features on newspapers, TV or radio has continued to dominate the media industry across the world at the expense of the society. Society depends on the media outlets for education, information, news and also for entertainment (Croteau Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47). Concentration of media ownership can influence the profits that a media firm attains. Since the liberalization of the European media markets in 1980s, the number of privat ely owned media has continually increased. The growth is mainly associated with internet innovation. With privately owned media and emergence of internet, there are major shifts in the advertisement industry. This is because the owners decide on which media channel to advertise in. But because most media outlets rely on advertisement fee, then, withdrawal of the fee means a loss on the media outlet. This can cause adverse financial effects and can even lead to journalists losing their jobs and closure of the channels. Politicians in the society can also withhold advertisements from a given system in the media industry causing the medium to suffer financially (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37). Concentration of media ownership can also result into censorship of the amount of information that the society gets. In such instances, all the printing facilities and circulation channels may be centralized into some few companies. This is a situation that can cause a barrier on people in the soci ety from accessing newspapers (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47). An independent media set the agenda for the society. To be open and independent, newspapers must not be owned by the local entities in the society or the state. With concentration of media owners in the newspaper industry, newspapers lose their independence to the competitors. This interrupts what has for long been known as news worthy incidents. Relevant themes fail to feature, hence a shift in the society’s agenda.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mass media in society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individual citizens rely heavily on the media while determining what is important. The media sets the agenda by repeatedly focusing on a particular topic. In this way, the media shapes opinions and behaviors of people in the society. However, when there is a concentration of media ownership in a particular state, then the content is determ ined by the existing powers of the owner. In most cases, the influences come from political power holders in the society (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47). According to European Human Rights Court, the media has to have a major voice and openly give opinions if democracy is to be observed. Plurality is a major policy in Europe that governs the media. In order to promote democracy in any society, plurality must be exercised as well as a competitive market. This also means that the society must be given an opportunity to choose from what media channel they may listen to. The effectiveness of any communication system in a democratic society is measured by the quality of the information transmitted. This calls for media systems that freely expresses ideas and also give opinions without any interference. This is a requirement for the people in decision making process within a society. Individuals in a community heavily rely on the media in order to exercise their democracy to information and freedom for speech and expression. However, this can only be achieved in a society that practices democracy and is open. The media must also be an independent one if the rights of these individuals are to be observed (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 3). With concentration of ownership, professional journalism is always under attack. The society is surrounded with lots of print, film, television, internet, and of course music as main media outlets for different individuals. However, political ownership of these media outlet can adversely interfere with journalistic professionalism. Journalists are the society’s watchdog. They observe what is happening in the political world and also sensor social problems on behalf of individuals. They also play a major role in fostering developments within the society. Lack of an open and free media in a society leads to lack of democracy. Extreme consequences on journalists who disregard the regulations of the media by the monopoly companies ca n be death sentences, long term imprisonments and other forms of physical violence. This the highest order of democracy suppression (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47).Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With self and profit oriented media companies, media is becoming almost limited in its meaning. In addition, professional practices are often overlooked when looking for news events and incidents. This is because corporate ownership of the industry demands for ‘big’ stories in order to make huge profits. The media system has been rapidly changed by the fact that most of the corporations are run with the motives of making profits through advertisements hence limiting the democracy that media brings in any society. In today’s world, media ownership is becoming more and more concentrated to businesses thus making the media industry hard to professionally tame (OSCE, 2003, p. 40) Concentration of ownership of media has caused investigative and critical coverage of stories is a thing of the past. This means that consumers of such news receive shallow information on issues that could be critically represented by an independent and open medium. In concentrated corporati ons of media, the aim is to make as much money as possible, and so no need to conduct underground investigations and deeply analyze content that would benefit the consumers (OSCE, 2003, p. 40). Furthermore, media policies that the monopoly companies make restrict coverage of some incidents. Critical issues that affect the society are hindered, a position that leaves the society ignorant of the important matters that concern them. The scenario in corporate media is that of local powers and directors holding the most shares in the company and being in the executive positions. They therefore control the running of a media system socially and politically. A situation that gives a loop hole for professionalism rules to be undermined. This will directly affect the content that consumers receive when they buy the newspapers, listen to a radio channel or watch a television program. The content will be of lesser value than they pay for. In such a scenario the media practitioners are compelle d to cover the politicians favorably. They also at some point receive incentives form the local powers. This is a violation of journalistic code of conduct (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 3). The competition for market share in the media industry can make politicians use the media as a platform to reinforce their political profiles in light for the next elections (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 45). At some time, politicians may chose which journalist will interview them. At the end the content of the media channel is influenced to feature political matters instead of the critical issues that directly affect the society. The effect of this is that educative and informational programs on broadcast media and articles on newspaper are replaced with political content (OSCE, 2003, p. 24). Consumers buy subjective content in such model of ownership. The role of editors, journalists and publishers shift from being watch dogs for the society to political advisors. In the contemporary world, journalists can only remain credible when they independently observe the event and then report. This is in contrast to most concentrated or privately run media. This results into failure of objective reporting among the media practitioners (Croteau Hoyn, 2003, p. 56). Audiences have different tastes and compositions. However production facilities and distribution channels may be influenced to benefit the major firms who mainly aim at making profits. With concentration of ownership in the music industry, individual citizens only get what interests the management and ownership of the major companies. The audience is left with no choice but to listen what is exposed to them through the media channels or through a limited access to some music albums (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 73). The music industry, like the newspaper constituents of the media was also dominated by concentration of ownership during the period ranging from 1969 to1990. Since then, production system in the industry music has change d from a ‘closed’ to an ‘open’ model (McCheseney, 2000, p. 15-20). In this industry, the same concept of concentration applies with the large-based producers, publicity and distribution segment having an overall control of other recording companies. With such a system within the music industry, innovation and diversity promotes the large companies in gaining both control and in getting large profits (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 56). Conclusion Concentration of media ownership creates barriers of entry for new companies. This situation causes competition to be stiff. There is no effective media policy which can exist in the media industry that is interpedently with politics. Newspapers are slowly losing their relevance to the society due to political influence. Consumers are therefore opting for other communication channels in place of print media. Recent studies indicate that the use of television as the primary source of news and political influence on conten t has made many lose their trust in the media. To ensure that consumers get the right information content and access of the medium, the media should be allowed to operate independently. Media regulators also need to follow transparent procedures and policies when allocating broadcast permits and frequencies. Reference List Croteau, D. Hoyn, W. (2003). Media society: industries, images and audiences. U.S.: Pine Forge Press. Web. McCheseney, R. (2000). Rich media, poor democracy: communication politics in dubious times. New York: The new press. Web. OSCE. (2003).  The Impact of media concentration on professional journalism. Web. Voelker, F. H. Voelker,L. A. (2002). Mass media: forces in our society. Michigan: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Wells, A. Hakanen, E. (1997). Mass media society. U.S.: Greenwood publishing group. Web. This term paper on Mass media in society was written and submitted by user Damaris Stout to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essays

A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essays A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essay A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essay The Tourism industry is originating at a really fast rate and now conveying down some of the most distant and astonishing topographic points on Earth, traveling to boundaries on travels that are psychological and geographical.Now a yearss a common adult male can come across the position of touristry, their is no more a luxury or simple sight seeing. Geographic appendages is named has the touristry systems are the agreement of people, topographic points and organisations in peculiar functions. Five common elements which are synergistic to environments are posed for many of the touristry systems. Tourism is besides called tourer section non merely made up of hotels, air hoses. Tourist section is described as a system of major constituent associated together in a familiar and interdependent relationship. Geographic elements in whole touristry systems acts as five elements.The five elements of touristry system are Traveller Generating Regions ( TGR ) , the Transit Routes ( TR ) and the Tourist Destination Regions ( TDR ) Tourism Industries and Tourist these have been likewise broken down them below the determine variours environments. Tourism growing can non be loosely understood unless the other elements, TGR and TR, every bit good as the environments act uponing in each part. What is Tourism The touristry really finding can be hard defined in many ways. Peoples going and remaining in topographic points off from their common envirnorment for non more than one consecutive twelvemonth for leisure, concern or other intents is called toursim. Tourism is a moral force and competitory industry that requires the power to ever adujust the clients changing demands and hopes for the client s satisfaction, the focal point of the touristry concern is safety and enjoyment of the clients. The different types of toursim are, Inbound touristry Out edge touristry Domestic touristry Inbound touristry: Inbound touristry is the international tourers sing to another state. Outbound touristry: The people going from our state to another state is called outbond touristry. Domestic touristry: The tourer travel with in the state is called domestic touristry. Harmonizing to Leiper the touristry can be defined as the theories and patterns for being a tourer. This affects going and sing topographic points for leisure-related purposes. Tourism consists of thoughts and feelings people hold which portion their decisions about traveling on activities, approximately where to travel and where non to travel and what to make or non to make about how to concern other tourers, locals and service forces. hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki.answers.com/Q/What_main_components_comprise_the_basic_whole_tourism_system This paper aims to analyze the touristry section in item and concentrate on how macro environment effects the section and brings approximately important alterations in the touristry section both positive and negative. The Tibet touristry section has been taken up for survey Thibet On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the southwest boundary line of China Tibet lies. Tibet lies on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the southwest boundary line of China. Tibet is called Roof of the World and its mean tallness of the part is more than 4,000 metres above sea degree. The highest extremum of Tibet, in Himalayas and in the whole universe is Everest Peak of height 8,846.27 metres above sea degree. Tibet has their ain alone civilization a portion of China. It is mojarly populated by Tibetans and mysterious people has a minority nationality of old. The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Jokhang Temple, and Buddhist sacred places are attracted by tourer. Tibet ( Xi Zang in Chinese ) is surrounded by Xin Jiang Uygur independent Region and Qing Hai Province to the South, Sichuan to the West, Yunnan to the Northwest and Nepal, India to the north.Different sort of civilization groups including Tibetan, Han, Monba and Lhota the population of Tibet is 2.3 million. Lhasa is the capital metropolis of Tibet. Assorted sorts of unusual and alone animate beings are present in Northwest of Tibet chiefly in Qing Hai tableland. In the northern country of Tibet animate beings like Equus caballus, yack and sheep move freely because of immense grasslands. In the east Tibet lowest vale of the universe, the Grand Yarlun-tzanpo river vale lies. Lamaism is followed by Tibetans exclusion of about 2,000 follows Islam and 600 follows Catholicism. In the earlier times Tibetan Buddhism was really much influnced by Indian Buddhism subsequently Tibetan Buddhism has extremely developed there ain typical qualities and patterns. They hav a belief that there is a life Buddha who is metempsychosis of the first foreigner to Chinese Buddhism. The tourer visit Tibet merely in warmest seasons becuase its is stop deading down cold most clip of the twelvemonth, so people visit in June, July, August and early September. How does the Tourism section operate? Tibet has many WATSs to see but it experiences in merely one manner. The Tibet travel leading of 9years has the trade name Tibet Travel Expert was which is a travel bureau from the tibet Tourism Bureau Shanghai Office and Shanghai Odyssey Travel on Himalaya circuit scope and escapade field. We have a passinate boosters of Tibet touristry since 1996 offering the professional and expertness service for the foreign tourers from resident of China. The trade name was basking its pride in China and overseas. In Lhasa Tibet Travel Expert Operator centre is a opertored by Shanghai as publicity centre and it is best land operator to Tibet. They offer How to use the Alien s Travel Permit Online engagements on Tibet circuit Planing for trip to Tibet Travel solution adviser service of Tibet Culture and faith Tourss offering a position of Tibetan nature Hiking and going Tourss offering facets of local people s life and actual natural state Outstanding landscape along Yunan-Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet, etc offered jaunt Tourss. In China at Birds observation, flowers watching and more Fieldss are geographic expedition Tourss. Many organisations are afflicated with the section of toursim The professional organistions that are linked with Tibet Tours and Travels to give good quality and service to clients. Department of Tourism, Majesty s Govt. of Nepal Registration No. is: R 585/056/57. Brikutimandap in Kathmandu is the base of touristry section. How does rank intends the clients: Tibet got blessing from the Govt. of Nepal to run as a travel bureau by following rigorous regulations and ordinances. Tourism is supervised and sacrifises the licence for any harm to the touristry industry or harmful to authorities. By this it provides good sevices and caring attack towards our clients. Tourism Board of Nepal: For the publicity of touristry in Nepal board is set up and 2 % of gross is added from all the members. What this rank means to our clients: Promotional activities attempted from clip to clip otherwise it would be difficult and expansive. Tourist can be acessed with information and to take portion in several menus and cultural events organised by the NTB. Nepal Association of Tour and Travel Agents ( NATTA ) : To publicize its growing and development, safeguard the tourer from development by undependable agents and to protect the travel trade concern this organisation is established in 1996. NATTA is chief representative of touristry industry. Pacific Asia Travel Association ( PATA ) : PATA is a authorization on Pacfic Asia travel and touristry found in 1951. The conventional function of the merchandise development and selling support for the finishs strategical endeavors for the long-run verve of the industry. What this rank means to our clients: PATA is prestige symbol but it besides assists in constructing confidence between the travel trade members and the general tourist.To strengthen quality and services rank should hold its ain set of regulations, guidelines and norms. Japan Association of Travel Agents ( JATA ) ( To prize and continue irreplaceable nature, valued resources and cultural assets, to protect our Earth for following coevals is JATA s principal. What this rank means to our clients: To the members of JATA the ends are charm heterosexual to the bosom and heads. ( Members purely adhere to its ends becuase it is a esteemed organisation. Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim are pleasant parts. Animal, works, and good natural beauty should be protect in which our hereafter lies. To protect the beautiful Earth costomer should presevre and care. What Can I see in Tibet ( There is no manner to depict the cryptic province of Tibet simple words and Tibet is merely called has Shangri La, or The Rooftop of the World . ( Tibet is a amazing topographic point where the adult male made and natural topographic points are breathtaking, people of Tibet smiling more comparison to the remainder universe. There is lengendary thing that people of Tibet welcomes the visitants with a unfastened weaponries and with a cordial reception. One can acquire a ocular dainty of the followers in Tibet Lhasa s Potala Palace Tibetan political relations are of the traditional place to the Dalai Lama and the traditional centre. Jokhang Temple Golden roofs in a four narrative composite. The whole composite is viewed from the Centre of the temple s square. Barkhor Street Bowing down themselves on the land and walking twenty-four hours and dark opportunity in a clockwise way whirling supplication wheels Piligrims appears. Drepung Monastry In Tibet the most impressive and most importantreligious abode. Thangka pictures ( These are Tibetan coil painting signifier, Buddhist pictures and these are celebrated for centuries. And assorted facets of Tibetan civilization Macro Environment ( All factors that determine an organisation included by the macro environment are out of its direct control. The continous alteration of environment should be adustable to the company. In the markets there may be fast turning competition. The menace of replacement merchandises and new entrants is agencies toward the globalisation. The merchandise means in environment is the more you pay for alters in political relations, civilization, engineering and economic sciences. The rate of growing in Tourism industry is really fast. ( For People s nucleus beliefs or values changes the cultural.All play a portion in determining one s civilization in how people show themselves, others, organisations, society, nature. When companies working in the market topographic point should take some rules under circumstance. Laws, regulations, and authorities policies dertemined or bound serval companies or organisations in market prevarications under the political environment. For the good society authorities frames bounds and ordinances guaranting that they hav free and just markets. New markets and new Oppurtunities for concern is created by new technolgy. New engineering stands top by giving importance to old and immature for the concern. The companies should update the merchandises and services so that they wont miss the chances and markets that engineering brings. In visible radiation of Tibet s touristry the following airs a menace of which the touristry section has no control over. One of them is come ining Tibet via Nepal Particularly they affect independent travel by the T.A.R. efficaciously changed following some perturbations are the regulations for going to Lhasa in April 2007 and in May 2007. The state of affairs is volatile and changeable.Basically, regulations that have been happening and effectives in suspension for old ages have been applied once more, so that travellers on to the full organizing Autonomous Region Tourss are the lone 1s officially allows to come in the T.A.R. T.A.R. standing for Tibetan. Tourism as the constructs of terrorist act, political convulsion, and war appear misrelated. ( By examing thier point of intersection and affects on touristry discloses. By examing the paper literature concentrating on the relationships between these developments. There would be impact of terrorist and political imbalance, demands of terrorists in taking tourers, utilizing touristry as a political tool this effects of political force on finish image, occassion direction, and recovery selling attempts.For the hereafter research suggestions are the purpose of this article is to synthesise research on these relationships to demo a comprehensive index of applicabe publications. Market Mix Definition Merchandise, monetary value, topographic point and publicity are the planned mix of the governable elements of merchandises marketing program. While bring forthing optimal income, these elements are attuned until a right merger is found that serves the demands of the merchandise s clients. Sometime s presentation is substituted in topographic point of the first P ( merchandise ) After Neil H. Borden published his 1964 article the term selling mix became popularized.The Concept of the Marketing Mix. James Culliton had described the selling director as a sociable of ingredient after that Borden began utilizing the term in his instruction in the late 1940 s merchandise planning, pricing, stigmatization, distribution channels, personal merchandising, advertisement, publicities, packaging, show, service, physical handling, and fact determination and analysis are the ingredients in Borden s selling mix which are included. These four classs were grouped together by E. Jerome McCarthy The Marketing Mix ( The internal and external restraints of the selling environment is the topic of the four P s are the parametric quantities controls the selling director. ( Targeting to bring forth a positive response and to make a perceived value, makes determinations that centre fourP s on the client. Merchandise Decisions. The Tangible is reffered by the term merchandise , strong arm merchandises every bit good as services. ( Examples for theproduct determinations are Brand name Functionalityl Styling Safety Boxing Repairs and Support Guarantee Monetary value Decisions The followers are some of the countries where pricing determinations can be made Pricing scheme ( skim, incursion, et degree Celsius. ) Suggested retail monetary value volume price reductions and sweeping pricing Cash and early payment price reductions Seasonal pricing Bundling Price flexibleness cubic decimeter Monetary value favoritism Distribution ( Place ) Decisions Distribution is the procedure of reassigning the merchandises to the clients. The distribution determinations can be made in the undermentioned countries. Distribution channels Market coverage ( inclusive, selective, or sole distribu ion ) Specific channel members Inventory direction Warehousing Distribution Centres Order processing Transportation system Reverse logistics Promotion Decisions In selling of any merchandise, the publicity of the merchandise plays a major function in acquiring a positive response from the client. The publicity of the merchandise can include assorted facets related to the information about the merchandise. Some of the communicating determinations that can be implemented in selling L Promotional scheme ( push, pull, et. ) Ad Personal merchandising A ; gross revenues force Gross saless publicities Public dealingss A ; publi ity Marketing communications budget Restrictions of the Marketing Mix Framework The selling mix model was really advantageous in the initial phases of selling construct, where the major part of economic system was represented by physical merchandises. Soon, selling is being given the highest precedence by most of the organisations as there is a wider scope of merchandises and market. Some of the writers have tried to spread out the benifites of the selling hole model by adding the 5th P such as packaging, people, procedure etc. In the current market, the selling mix is still remains to be based on the 4 P s. Although this model has its ain limitaions, it is still being widely used because of its simpleness. Besides, it has stood as the foundation for many selling text editions. The Tourism Product Marketing Mix The error which has been made by many little concerns is specifying marketing every bit merely a agency of publicity and advertisement. But in world, Selling is such a immense construct that can be applied to every sector including the touristry concern. The whole intent of selling is to do the clients buy the merchandise by fulfilling them with the services of the product.The selling can be done in an effectual manner by cognizing the demands of the client and the agencies to supply them. The majpority of the merchandises in the market have been catogorised into four wide countries in the Marketing Mix.The most common definition for the Marketing Mix is given by the four Ps ( Product, Price, Promotion, and Place ) . As touristry merchandise Marketing Mix includes primary services in add-on to the traditional, three other countries of some peculiar importance are required. The most apt nature of the touristry merchandise is illustrated in the undermentioned illustration: Explanation: Any scheduled flight will will follow the going and arrival timings whether the flight is half filled or full to its capacity. After the takeoff of the plane the left out seats are considered as The people who come to see the Western Cape will come to see the civilization and heritage of the state and other topographic points. As accomadation is an of import component in the visit, by happening out the right ways of pulling the tourers, the experience can be made better for the visitants. Every person wishes to see more than one topographic point due to several reasons.But a visit depends upon the topographic point which is in the top topographic point in the list and the experience which he derives by sing it. A individual decides his holiday trip based on the followers Vacations: Long trips off from place lasting for a continuance of 1 month Interruptions: Trips off from place lasting for a continuance of 1-4 hebdomads Short Interruptions: Quick refreshments to a really close topographic point Explanation: Factors which affect the individual s determinations Outgo Time available Number of household menbers Interest in the topographic point Percept of experience Asingle adult female who is making a high force per unit area occupation can look for particular trades on weekend.So, by get offing her, the particular priced accomadations can easy catch her attending and motivate her to book for it. The challenge faced by touristry sellers is to give the right triggers to the right visitants at the right clip. Review harmonizing to the China economic system March 2, 2010: A The touristry Revenue in Tibet have undegone 6 % addition with at least a 4 % rise in tourer reachings during the 10-day Tibetan new twelvemonth vacation harmonizing to the regional touristry authorization. It has been estimated that atleast 115,487 tourers might hold visited the Tibet Autonomous Region in southwest China from Feb. 13 to 22, with a rate of addition at 4.3 % from the same period last twelvemonth. This in a imperativeness release from the regional touristry administration.A Harmonizing to the same release, it was reported that the vacation travel haste brought in $ 11.7 million US dollars of touristry income over the 10 yearss, up 6 % year-on-year.A An norm of 2000 tourers have become a portion of Himalayan folk civilization festival to observe the Tibetan Year of Iron Tiger and the Chinese New Year on Feb. 14. A Harmonizing to the touristry dept The Tibetan tourer functionaries were sensible plenty in puting their marks for the twelvemonth 2007. They have decided to increase the occupation opportunitites for local people and local train circuit guides.In add-on, they took appropriate steps for the development of the rural touristry which is poplular in India, South Africa and China. It is estimated that the rural touristry will derive a net income of 435 million US dollars throughout the twelvemonth. This can be achieved by welcoming atleeast 3 million foreign tourers and besides, by promoting the locals to pass more. The success of the system is based upon three factors. The first two factors depend upon the completion of the undertakings that were constructed last twelvemonth and the 3rd component lies in the statistics of the old old ages. The recent old ages have shown a consistent addition in the figure of visitants to Tibet, but in the twelvemonth 2006, there has been an outstanding addition by 29 % . Throughout the universe, Tibet is known for its utmost beauty with universe s largest mountains, civilization and its green landscape. Even the Namco, the worls d largest salt H2O lake is said to hold the power of mending the sorrows and strivings of the tourers. The ground behind the sudden reaching of people to Tibet in the last twelvemonth is because of the gap of the Qinghai-Tibet railroad. Air passages and roadways were the lone agencies of conveyance for the people of China and other neighboring states to this part before its gap. This railways has provided the cheapest and safest tranport means to this topographic point. The official gap of the Tibet 3rd airdrome took topographic point after a few months subsequently. The above statistics show that Marketing mix has been has been done truly good and the the touristry industry is a roar in Tibet despite certain political state of affairss Topographic point Distribution: It is meant that how good you can advance your merchandise in the market. It is divided into two chief sectors as: Direct Distribution: Here the industry will manage and pull off the full touristry merchandise to the market. For case, you might necessitate some personal merchandising accomplishments if you are seeking to pull attending to the concern for an airdrome transportation shuttle company. You may run into some latent clients in their offices in such instances. Indirect Distribution: Here, the industry may non make the market by some direct agencies. For case, you may pull some touristry agency and authorization and they ll be doing engagements for you. Hey might besides set some latent clients to hold a contact with you straight. Procedure: Assorted methods are used in order to run a touristry concern. For case, preparation, planning, disposal, buying, recruiting and presenting the service. One should do certain about the methods are pre- planned absolutely and in a proper manner, so that the functionalities go through really swimmingly. Anyhow, the jobs should be solved instantly. For illustration, a eating house ever requires an well-organized dorsum and forepart office so that the clients should non experience uncomfortable and provided the convenience should be there for the clients. The service bringing is affected by the turnover of the eating house, staff civilization, distributers, providers, ill foliages. In order to supply the best service one should do certain that all the methods are implemented in an appropriate and in a proper manner. Peoples: In the concern of touristry, the service contributes to a major portion of the merchandise offering. Service is one of the countries in which the touristry can make good. So, the service is a really critical component for the publicity of the touristry industry. The service can be made effectual by guaranting the staff covering with the clients and first-class client service. Internal selling is the pattern of marketing one s ain concern through the employees in the organisation. It is normally practiced in many service oriented organisations. It is important to guarantee that the staff are committed to the company and its policies. In order to transport out the concern in the right manner, the staff should be familiar with the ends and aims of the concerns. The professionalism in the staff can be increased by giving a better preparation and wagess for the deserving campaigners. Regular treatments should be made with the staff in order to convey out the betterments in the merchandises. Physical grounds: The physical grounds of a touristry merchandise depends upon the quality and scope of operations. Tangibalising the merchandise is one of the best ways of giving positive hints to the clients. For illustration, if a shuttle service is runned by some company, so it is really of import to keep the vehicles clean at all times. Elementss like quality, decor, layout and milieus are really of import for the publicity of the merchandise. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tibet-travels.com/professional-affiliations.php hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tibet-tour.com/tibet/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinaodysseytours.com/Tibet/what-to-see.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gobackpacking.com/Blog/2007/08/02/the-challenges-of-entering-tibet-from-nepal/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B6V7Y-3TGNGWS-7 A ; _user=10 A ; _coverDate=04 % 2F30 % 2F1998 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=search A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _searchStrId=1239933936 A ; _rerunOrigin=google A ; _acct=C000050221 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=10 A ; md5=7f6d00bfaefc7e8451a4af802bd5c5e2 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinaeconomicreview.com/china-eye/2010_03_02/Tibet_tourism_looking_better.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tourism-review.com/article/150-tibet-strives-for-3-million-tourists

Why did the 2007 financial crisis spread so quickly and so far Essay

Why did the 2007 financial crisis spread so quickly and so far - Essay Example The crisis also led to the global recession in 2008 following its effects on international trade (Acharya & Matthew, 2009). The financial crisis is believed to be as a result of increased values of securities related to the United States of Americas in the stock market. The increase on the securities was as a result of the housing bubble which reached its optimum in 2006, affecting many financial institutions worldwide. Therefore, the crisis was a result of a complicated interplay between policies that enabled home ownership through the provision of cheaper loans to potential home buyers. Subprime mortgages were hence overvalued based on the presumption that real estate prices would continue to escalate. The global stock markets suffered heavily when real estate securities suffered large losses as a result of declining credit availability and dented investor confidence. Most economies globally slowed down during this period as a result of credit unavailability and a decline in international trade (Caballero, Pierre-Olivier & Emmanuel, 2008). The financial crisis was primarily an internal problem in the United States of America. The crisis began as a subprime crisis in the country in 2007 and spread over to other advanced countries. The crisis commenced with an enormous real estate asset bubble. Housing prices dramatically escalated in the United States with mortgage rates lower than normal mainly because of the Federal Reserve lowering the federal funds. Federal funds are the rate at which financial institutions lend each other overnight (Ely, 2009). In order to avoid losses, mortgage lenders have traditionally been very strict in scrutinizing the eligibility of a citizen in terms of repaying the loan. However, this did not happen in the United States of America when there was widespread securitization. Securitization allowed banks to lend mortgage loans to many jobless individuals with no income or assets at all. Loan regulators also authorized

Human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human resources management - Essay Example The human resource officials the mandate to ensure that diversity at the work place is well managed and utilized to achieve organizations goals and objectives(Joshi & Jackson, 2008). Actually, diversity at the work place if utilized well, it will see number of experiences and abilities put in place to solve organizations problems in a myriad ways. Thus, this is likely to bring about services that are much more all-inclusive in the process since almost different groups of customers will be represented in the workforce. A number of issues are associated with the management of diversity for human resource personnel. To begin with, the human resource officer has to ensure that they have attracted different kinds of workers with diversity to apply (Shen, Chanda, D’Netto, & Monga, 2009). The human resource manager has to ensure that description of a job is not discriminatory to any group that may be intending to work in that institution. Instead, it should be designed in a way to show that it welcomes everybody irrespective of his or her race, experience, age or even gender. Secondly one of the issues that manager has to deal with is ensuring that the recruitment process effectively targets the diverse groups. The recruitment process should ensure that it has gotten all the types of people that it needs to achieve its goals and objectives. Lastly, the human resource office has to deal with the potential biasness in the recruitment process. According to Podsiadlowski, Grà ¶schke, Kogler, Springer, & van der Zee,(2013) ignoring diversity has more harm to the organization than good. For instance, the issue can cost an organization a lot of time, efficiency and money. For instance, it will take more time for members of an organization to integrate out the requirements of the human resource office. This would not be the case if the officer understands the differences and

I predict that the juice will have at least 2 Essay Example for Free

I predict that the juice will have at least 2 Essay I predict that the juice will have at least 2 or more of the same amino acids as the ones in the amino acid mix. I predict that the amino acid more likely to occur is aspartic acid, as lemon juice is acidic. Method We first extract some lemon juice from a lemon. Cut the lemon around the equator and squeeze it with a juicer.   Pour the juice into six tubes at approximately the same level each. Place the tubes in a beaker and weigh them (remembering to tare the beaker first). Make pairs of tubes of equal mass by adding or taking out juice with a clean pipette) and place them opposite each other in the centrifuge and set it to run for 5 minutes. After centrifuging the juice, pour all the supernatant into a beaker and wash out the solid precipitate from the tubes.   Take 2 samples of the raw centrifuged juice in tubes, label and put them away.   Add alcohol to the remaining juice with the ratio of 1:3 (1unit of juice to 3 units of alcohol).   Centrifuge the juice + alcohol after weighing out pairs of equal mass in the tubes again. Pour the supernatant into a beaker and take 2 samples if the juice + alcohol, label them and put them in a beaker to be put away. Results of centrifuged juice: Pair no. Mass of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 7. 85g 7. 85g 1,7 2 9. 82g 9. 82g 12,6 3 7. 20g 7. 23g 8,2 Results of centrifuged juice + alcohol: Pair no. Mass of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 10. 29 g 10. 29g 12,6 2 7. 32 g 7. 32 g 1,7 3 7. 69 g 7. 68 g 8,2 Making the chromatogram Before you begin spotting the chromatogram, you should:   Wash your hands (sweat contains amino acids)   Hold paper at edges. Place paper on two clean sheets of file paper   Only use pencil for markings on the paper Use a micropipette to spot the various substances on the chromatogram. They should be in the following order: Juice, Juice + Alcohol, Amino acid mix, Asp, Leu, Lys, Pro. We can now spot these substances onto the chromatogram. Dip the micropipette into a substance and touch the paper 5 times on the same spot, waiting a few seconds after each touch. However when spotting the juice + alcohol, the paper must be touched 7 times instead of 5 (Make sure to use the same micropipette for each component). After spotting all the substances, put the chromatogram onto a frame along with all the other chromatograms and place the frame into the fume cupboard and into the solution for the chromatography to take place. After chromatography had taken place:   Carefully remove chromatograms from the frame.   Spray with ninhydrin and then supply with heat for the reaction between the amino acids and the ninhydrin to take place, causing the colorless amino acids to show up in a certain color. Put an x in the darkest region of color for each substance and outline the entire regions of color too. Measure the distance between the origin and the solvent front, and the distances between the origin and the top, bottom and darkest region of each amino acid. With these measurements, calculate the Rf Values. My Rf Values: Rf ? Distance moved by component from origin Distance moved by solvent front from origin The order of calculations go up the chromatogram, h Therefore the 1st amino acid (aa) will be the one closest to the origin for that particular substance. Diagram of chromatogram in frame: Evaluation The amino acid found in the lemon juice was Aspartic acid, this supports my hypothesis. We can prove this because the x on the aspartic acid and the x on the 2nd amino acid in the juice are aligned, and so have traveled approximately the same distance from the origin, hence telling us that they must be the same amino acids. There is one other amino acid in the juice that we cannot identify using my chromatogram as it was not present in the amino acid mix. The spot did not align with any other spot on the chromatogram, and so showing that it is a different amino acid to the ones present. Not all the spots were the same size; some were a lot bigger. This could have been caused by too much of that substance being spotted onto the chromatogram, and so causing the amino acid to spread too much. After chromatography had taken place, the chromatogram was sprayed with ninhydrin and then heated. When a certain temperature is reached, a sudden reaction occurs between the ninhydrin and amino acids, causing each amino acid to give out a particular color. This reaction is helpful in making the amino acids visible to the naked eye. Because of the large spread of some amino acids, we end up with a large spread of color. This makes it difficult to determine the exact darkest region of that color, and so may cause the results to be slightly inaccurate. An example of this is with Leucine. I may have added too much Leu onto the chromatogram, causing it to spread quite largely, resulting in a large purple spot. I had marked what I thought was the darkest region of the spot with an x. However that mark was aligned with the mark for Pro and so indicating that they are the same amino acid. This is impossible, but may have been caused by either: Misinterpreting the darkest region of the spot (marking the wrong place) Accidentally using the same micropipette for two substances It would make more sense if the mark on the spot for Leu was closer to the top of the spot, where it would be aligned to one of the spots in the amino acid mix. The 1st amino acid spot for the juice had a smaller spot within it. The smaller spot even showed up as a different color to that of the larger spot, so it must be just another amino acid, not present in the amino acid mix. I could have improved this experiment by making sure that I do not add too much of a substance onto the chromatogram, by getting a second opinion on whether I had marked the darkest region of a spot or not and/or by using a wider variety of amino acids to identify the other amino acids in the juice which do not align with any others.

General Behavioral Characterization of Proximity Malware

General Behavioral Characterization of Proximity Malware CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION GENERAL A delay-tolerant network is anetworkdesigned to operate effectively over extreme distances such as those encountered in space communications or on an interplanetary scale. In such an environment, longlatency sometimes measured in hours or days is inevitable. The popularity of mobile consumer electronics, like laptop computers, PDAs, and more recently and prominently, smart phones, revives the delay-tolerant-network (DTN) model as an alternative to the traditional infrastructure model. The widespread adoption of these devices, coupled with strong economic incentives, induces a class of malware that specifically targets DTNs. We call this class of malware proximity malware. Proximity malware based on the DTN model brings unique security challenges that are not present in the infrastructure model. In the infrastructure model, the cellular carrier centrally monitors networks for abnormalities moreover the resource scarcity of individual nodes limits the rate of malware propagation. A pr erequisite to defending against proximity malware is to detect it. In this paper, we consider a general behavioral characterization of proximity malware. Behavioral characterization, in terms of system call and program flow, has been previously proposed as an effective alternative to pattern matching for malware detection. In our model, malware-infected nodes behaviors are observed by others during their multiple opportunistic encounters: Individual observations may be imperfect, but abnormal behaviors of infected nodes are identifiable in the long-run. OBJECTIVE Network is the combination of Nodes. Each node will communicate with its neighbors and share their data. If a node is affected by a malware it’s necessary to clear it else its neighbors will communicate with it and they also affected by malware. Hence detection of malware is important. Here we discuss some methods for the detection of malware. EXISTING SYSTEM Previous researches quantify the threat of proximity malware attack and demonstrate the possibility of launching such an attack, which is confirmed by recent reports on hijacking hotel Wi-Fi hotspots for drive-by malware attack. With the adoption of new short-range communication technologies such as NFC and Wi-Fi Direct that facilitate spontaneous bulk data transfer between spatially proximate mobile devices, the threat of proximity malware is becoming more realistic and relevant than ever. Proximity malware based on the DTN model brings unique security challenges that are not present in the model. EXISTING SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES Central monitoring and resource limits are absent in the DTN model. Very risk to collecting evidence and also having insufficient evidence. It is filter the false evidence in sequentially and distributed. 1.3.2. LITERATURE SURVEY LITERATURE SURVEY Title:  An Optimal Distributed Malware Defense System for Mobile Networks with Heterogeneous Devices Author: Yong Li, Pan Hui Year: 2011 Description: Consider a mobile network where a portion of the nodes are infected by malware. Our research problem is to deploy an efficient defense system to help the infected nodes to recover and prevent the healthy nodes from further infection. Typically, we should disseminate the content-based signatures of known malware to as many nodes as possible. The signature is obtained by using algorithms such as an MD5 hash over the malware content, and they are used by the mobile devices to detect various patterns in the malware and then to disable further propagation. Therefore, distributing these signatures into the whole network while avoiding unnecessary redundancy is our optimization goal. Title: On Modeling Malware Propagation in Generalized Social Networks Author: Shin-Ming Cheng Year : 2011 Description: This article proposes a novel analytical model to efficiently analyze the speed and severity for spreading the hybrid malware such as Commwarrior that targets multimedia messaging service (MMS) and BT. Validation against conducted simulation experiments reveals that our model developed from the Susceptible-Infected (SI) model in epidemiology accurately Approximates mixed spreading behaviors in large areas without the huge computational cost, which helps estimate the damages caused by the hybrid malware and aids in the development of detection and containment processes. Title: Scalable, Behavior-Based Malware Clustering Author: Ulrich Bayer Year : 2009 Description: In this research, we propose a scalable clustering approach to identify and group malware samples that exhibit similar behavior. For this, we first perform dynamic analysis to obtain the execution traces of malware programs. These execution traces are then generalized into behavioral profiles, which characterize the activity of a program in more abstract terms. The profiles serve as input to an efficient clustering algorithm that allows us to handle sample sets that are an order of magnitude larger than previous approaches. We have applied our system to real-world malware collections. The results demonstrate that our technique is able to recognize and group malware programs that behave similarly, achieving a better precision than previous approaches. To underline the scalability of the system, we clustered a set of more than 75 thousand samples in less than three hours. Title: Self-Policing Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks by Reputation Systems Author: Sonja Buchegger Year : 2005 Description: Node misbehavior due to selfish or malicious reasons or faulty nodes can significantly degrade the performance of mobile ad-hoc networks. To cope with misbehavior in such self-organized networks, nodes need to be able to automatically adapt their strategy to changing levels of cooperation. Existing approaches such as economic incentives or secure routing by cryptography alleviate some of the problems, but not all. We describe the use of a self-policing mechanism based on reputation to enable mobile ad-hoc networks to keep functioning despite the presence of misbehaving nodes. The reputation system in all nodes makes them detect misbehavior locally by observation and use of second-hand information. Once a misbehaving node is detected it is automatically isolated from the network. We classify the features of such reputation systems and describe possible implementations of each of them. We explain in particular how it is possible to use second-hand information while mitigat ing contamination by spurious ratings. Title: The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks Author: Sepandar D. Kamvar, Mario T. Schlosser Year : 2003 Description: Peer-to-peer file-sharing networks are currently receiving much attention as a means of sharing and distributing information. However, as recent experience shows, the anonymous, open nature of these networks offers an almost ideal environment for the spread of Self-replicating inauthentic files. We describe an algorithm to decrease the number of downloads of inauthentic files in a peer-to-peer file-sharing network that assigns each peer a unique global trust value, based on the peer’s history of uploads. We present a distributed and secure method to compute global trust values, based on Power iteration. By having peers use these global trust values to choose the peers from whom they download, the network effectively identifies malicious peers and isolates them from the network. In simulations, this reputation system, called EigenTrust, has been shown to significantly decrease the number of inauthentic files on the network, even under a variety of conditions where malicious peers cooperate in an attempt to deliberately subvert the system. Title: When Gossip is Good: Distributed Probabilistic Inference for Detection of Slow Network Intrusions Author: Denver Dash, Branislav Kveton Year : 2006 Description: Intrusion attempts due to self-propagating code are becoming an increasingly urgent problem, in part due to the homogeneous makeup of the internet. Recent advances in anomaly based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have made use of the quickly spreading nature of these attacks to identify them with high sensitivity and at low false positive (FP) rates. However, slowly propagating attacks are much more difficult to detect because they are cloaked under the veil of normal network traffic, yet can be just as dangerous due to their exponential spread pattern. We extend the idea of using collaborative IDSs to corroborate the likelihood of attack by imbuing end hosts with probabilistic graphical models and using random messaging to gossip state among peer detectors. We show that such a system is able to boost a weak anomaly Detector D to detect an order-of-magnitude slower worm, at false positive rates less than a few per week, than would be possible using D alone at the end-host or on a network aggregation point. Title: A Preliminary Investigation of Worm Infections in a Bluetooth Environment Author: Jing Su, Kelvin K. W. Chan Year : 2006 Description: Over the past year, there have been several reports of malicious code exploiting vulnerabilities in the Bluetooth protocol. While the research community has started to investigate a diverse set of Bluetooth security issues, little is known about the feasibility and the propagation dynamics of a worm in a Bluetooth environment. This paper is an initial attempt to remedy this situation. We start by showing that the Bluetooth protocol design and implementation is large and complex. We gather traces and we use controlled experiments to investigate whether a large-scale Bluetooth worm outbreak is viable today. Our data shows that starting a Bluetooth worm infection is easy, once vulnerability is discovered. Finally, we use trace-drive simulations to examine the propagation dynamics of Bluetooth worms. We find that Bluetooth worms can infect a large population of vulnerable devices relatively quickly, in just a few days. Title: An adaptive anomaly detector for worm detection Author: John Mark Agosta, Carlos Diuk-Wasser Year : 2007 Description: We present an adaptive end-host anomaly detector where a supervised classifier trained as a traffic predictor is used to control a time-varying detection threshold. Training and testing it on real traffic traces collected from a number of end-hosts, we show our detector dominates an existing fixed threshold detector. This comparison is robust to the choice of off-the-shelf classifier employed, and to a variety of performance criteria: the predictor’s error rate, the reduction in the â€Å"threshold gap† and the ability to detect the simulated threat of incremental worm traffic added to the traces. This detector is intended as a part of a distributed worm detection system that infers system-wide threats from end-host detections, thereby avoiding the sensing and resource limitations of conventional centralized systems. The distributed system places a constraint on this end host detector to appear consistent over time and machine variability. Title: CPMC: An Efficient Proximity Malware Coping Scheme in Smartphone-based Mobile Networks Author: Feng Li, Yinying Yang Year : 2010 Description: Many emerging malware can utilize the proximity of devices to propagate in a distributed manner, thus remaining unobserved and making detections substantially more challenging. Different from existing malware coping schemes, which are either totally centralized or purely distributed, we propose a Community-based Proximity Malware Coping scheme, CPMC. CPMC utilizes the social community structure, which reflects a stable and controllable granularity of security, in smart phone-based mobile networks. The CPMC scheme integrates short-term coping components, which deal with individual malware and long-term evaluation components, which offer vulnerability evaluation towards individual nodes. A closeness-oriented delegation forwarding scheme combined with a community level quarantine method is proposed as the short-term coping components. These components contain a proximity malware by quickly propagating the signature of a detected malware into all communities while avoiding u nnecessary redundancy. PROPOSED SYSTEM Behavioral characterization, in terms of system call and program flow, has been previously proposed as an effective alternative to pattern matching for malware detection. In our model, malware-infected nodes’ behaviors are observed by others during their multiple opportunistic encounters: Individual observations may be imperfect, but abnormal behaviors of infected nodes are identifiable in the long-run. We identify challenges for extending Bayesian malware detection to DTNs, and propose a simple yet effective method, look-ahead, to address the challenges. Furthermore, we propose two extensions to look-ahead, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, to address the challenge of â€Å"malicious nodes sharing false evidence†. PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES Real mobile network traces are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The proposed evidence consolidation strategies in minimizing the negative impact of liars on the shared evidence’s quality. It is used to identify the abnormal behaviors of infected nodes in the long-run. . CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1. GENERAL We analyze the problem of behavioral characterization of malware nodes in Delay Tolerant Network efficiently without affecting network performance. 2.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION Proximity malware is a malicious program that disrupts the host node’s normal function and has a chance of duplicating itself to other nodes during (opportunistic) contact opportunities between nodes in the DTN. When duplication occurs, the other node is infected with the malware. We present a general behavioral characterization of proximity malware, which captures the functional but imperfect nature in detecting proximity malware. Under the behavioral malware characterization, and with a simple cut-off malware containment strategy, we formulate the malware detection process as a distributed decision problem. We analyze the risk associated with the decision, and design a simple, yet effective, strategy, look-ahead, which naturally reflects individual nodes’ intrinsic risk inclinations against malware infection. We present two alternative techniques, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, that naturally extend look-ahead to consolidate evidence provided by others, w hile containing the negative effect of false evidence. A nice property of the proposed evidence consolidation methods is that the results will not worsen even if liars are the majority in the neighborhood 2.3. METHODOLOGIES Methodologies are the process of analyzing the principles or procedure for behavioral characterizing of node with two methods, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, for consolidating evidence provided by other nodes, while containing the negative impact of liars in delay tolerant network. 2.3.1. MODULES Authentication Network Nodes Malware Detection Evidence Analysis Evil Node Revocation 2.3.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION Authentication If you are the new user going to consume the service then they have to register first by providing necessary details. After successful completion of sign up process, the user has to login into the application by providing username and exact password. The user has to provide exact username and password which was provided at the time of registration, if login success means it will take up to main page else it will remain in the login page itself.. Network Nodes Under this module, the network nodes which are interconnected by local area network, that node ip address will be fetched in order to share the resources among the network. As well as the performance of individual system have been analyzed to assess the behavior Malware Detection Malware detection module helps to identify the evil node which is affected by malware program Evidence Analysis This module used to investigate about evidences of nodes by collecting assessments before a normal node get affected by malware program. Evidence aging process helps to discard outdated assessments of a node and evidence consolidation helps to filter negative assessments of a node provided by the other nodes. Evil Node Revocation After detection of evil node, we need to drop the communication with that in order to prevent from malware spreading and the evil node details are transferred to database for further reference. Finally evil node gets revoked from the network computer list. 2.3.3. MODULE DIAGRAM: Authentication Network Nodes Malware Detection Evidence Analysis Evil Node Revocation 2.3.4. GIVEN INPUT EXPECTED OUTPUT AUTHENTICATION Input: Give username and password Output: Allow to your personal details NETWORK NODES Input: Connect to network Output: Communicate between client server MALWAER DETECTION Input: Transfer your file to another node Output: Identifying malicious node EVIDENCE ANALYSES Input: Communicate with other node before affect by malware node then collect evidences Output: Showing all evidence analysis report EVIL NODE REVOCATION Input: Communication with malware node till collect full evidences Output: Malware node has been removed 2.4. TECHNIQUE USED Dogmatic filtering Dogmatic filtering is based on the observation that one’s own assessments are truthful and therefore, can be used to bootstrap the evidence consolidation process. A node shall only accept evidence that will not sway its current opinion too much. We call this observation the dogmatic principle. Adaptive look-ahead Adaptive look ahead takes a different approach towards evidence consolidation. Instead of deciding whether to use the evidence provided by others directly in the cut-off decision, adaptive look ahead indirectly uses the evidence by adapting the steps to look ahead to the diversity of opinion.

Chemistry uncertainty conical flask Essay

The conical flask was weighted with the balance and the value was recorded. 2) The beaker was filled with distilled water and the water was added into the conical flask up to the 60 mL mark. The dropper was used when water level was approaching the 60 mL mark. 3) The weight of the conical flask containing water was recorded. 4) The mass of water was found by subtracting the weight of conical flask from the weight of conical flask with water. 5) The volume of water was found from the mass of water . 6) Steps 1) to 5) were repeated ten times. 7) 60 mL was subtracted from each of the calculated volume of water. 8) The data obtained from step 7) were compared with each other and the largest value was taken as the absolute uncertainty of the conical flask. -The volume of water poured into the conical flask was being decided while the uncertainty of the conical flask, calculated from the experimental  volume subtracting theoretical volume of water, was being investigated. -The same conical flask and electronic balance was used throughout the experiment to ensure the results were not to be affected by the difference in apparatus used. -The volume readings were taken from the bottom of the meniscus of liquid and it was made sure all the liquid was emptied to ensure accurate reading of volume. – A dropper was used when the water level approached 50 mL mark of the conical flask to prevent solution from overflowing the mark and to ensure accurate reading of volume of solution. -Only distilled water was used in the experiment to access fair results in all rounds of experiments. -The uncertainties of the balance were neglected because the value ( ±0.0001g) was too small and has very little effect on the results. -10 sets of data were taken into account for more accurate results. -The experiment was done in room temperature and in an environment of same wind speed to prevent the experimental results from being affected. -The exterior and the upper 1/3 part of the interior of the conical flask was wiped dry with tissue paper before every set of experiment was carried out to assure accurate measurement of the mass of water contained. -The density of water is assumed to be 1 g/dm ³. The result of the experiment has shown that the uncertainty of a 100mL conical flask is 2mL. Comparing to a 100 mL volumetric flask, which has absolute uncertainty of 0.08mL, a conical flask is rather uncertain and will give inaccurate results. This explains why a conical flask is usually used for holding chemicals (for example in titration, it is used for containing the solution being titrated against and the indicator) instead of used for giving measurements. In this experiment, an observation was that the value displayed on the balance fluctuated within 0.0004 g. This observation was noted as it implied that even though the wind speed was kept constant around the environment (for example fans and air conditioner turned off), the movements generated by man or usage of balance had minor effect on the accuracy of the result. The effect of these small errors on the result can be eliminated by carrying out more rounds of the experiment, or by repeating with different electronic balances. Further investigation could be done on finding the values of uncertainty of different sizes and grades of conical flasks. By repeating the experiment with different sizes and grades of conical flasks, we can gain understanding in different instruments and the result might be used as reference in future experiments involving conical flasks.

Nokia Strategy Analysis Essay

1.Does Nokia have a truly global strategy, rather than just a series of regional strategies? Explain. Yes, it does have a global strategy. The global strategy of Nokia is the foundation of all the regional strategies and that is based on overall consumer needs. They found out the main consumer needs is focused on selling products (phones) as lowest price all over the world with its simple, easy and basic models. Also beside that Nokia has series of regional strategies that use most advanced technologies in terms of Camera, music and nanotechnology which is the future feature of the phones in e flexible shape and the last not the least is focusing on the business communications to compete with other companies in the industry and keep its position as the market leader. Therefore they placed their strategy in 3 facets: 1. growing the number of people using Nokia, 2. transforming the devices people use. 3. buidling new businesses. 2.Consider the different global marketing environments discussed in the text. How do these environments differ in developing versus developed countries? †¢Developing countries: African, Asian, Latin American countries and Middles East region have the highest sale volumes in a way that the half of the world population have cell phones and one of the three hold a Nokia phone, as China and India are among the countries with highest number of population and also got the highest number of sales, as an example 70 mil phones were sold in China in 2007 that is 38% more than the previous year’s sales. Basically the high demand for this product in these regions is for simplicity and user friendly system that the Nokia has along with its cheap price, as most of the people in these regions have very low income and in some place the mobile is shared by  ½ dozen of people who even cannot read or write ( mostly in Africa). In these regions (African-Asia) the main aim is connecting one person to another, could be a simple greeting phone call, or a simple test message. It does not matter if it’s colorful or black and white, or if it has a camera or Social group connection such as Facebook, Twiter or so on. The simple lifestyle will remain the same in the usage of  the phone as the phone will not stop the normal people gathering and family meetings while in the Developed countries it varys. †¢Developed countries: Europe consists of 39% of Nokia’s net Sale. It was not explained in the text what is the attraction of the European towards Nokia, but I assume it is based on the different features that each phone has that is different from another phone and also the user friendly technology that is used can be another reason as other competitors’ phones are a bit difficult to get used to. The U.S. only consists of 5% of the Nokia’s sale and the reason could be the people’s attraction is towards the most advanced technology smart phone that includes all the required and needy application in one slim size and light weighted smart phone and this is why most Americans seek competitors phone like, Iphone, Samsung, LG, Sony and Motorella and Black Berry phones. In terms of environment U.S is the place of business and fast communication, no double in this place the level of education is very high and simple phones are not the demand of the smart and highly educated individuals, they look for most advanced technology and the simplicity is not their main aim. They try to save time for meeting, gathering by a simple video call, or chat or so on which is the lifestyle of the people of the developed countries. 3.Discuss Nokia’s global strategy in terms of the five global product and communications strategies. Nokia, tries to get highest number of Nokia users not only through the low cost and simple mobiles that are mostly sold in the developing countries, it is also trying to grow in the niche markets that other competitors are focusing on such as the touch screen phones that were first introduced by Apple’s, and music focus products such as i-pod, in camera is competing with other phones and Canon as having more sales than Canons, and the business communication phones with advanced technology phones. The high amount of investment in R&D and expanding the range of products are all part of Nokia’s strategy in order to stay in the market and keep its position as the market leader for a very long period. I personally admire Nokia’s strategy as it is this keeps the Nokia brand name always speeded around for all the segments needs which is the main global aim of the Nokia meeting what the consumer want. 4.Can competitors easily replicate Nokia’s global strategy? Why or Why not? I don’t think so. As other companies are only focusing on their specific niche and investing in other niche needs high investment and it’s already taken by Nokia, and the only way is possible if there will be high investment in these companies to compete with Nokia. As most of the competing companies are not only Phone producers, they are producing a other electronic devices as well and their profit is gained from the whole range of their electronic devices that they sell and focusing only in one different targets of one single product (Mobile phone for low income individuals) would not be very beneficial for them to invest is. (Such as Samsung; Smart TV, mobile phones, Washing Machine, †¦.) But in future (about 20-50 years from now) I think as we go further the old technologies will be cheaper and cheaper, in a way that there will be less demand for these low cost mobile phones as most probably these will be available for free or maybe they will not be used at all as there are new products or devices that will be introduced that will replace the Mobile phone the same for other electronic devices who knows†¦? 5.Will Nokia’s planned expansion into other products and services work? Explain. In my opinion it won’t. As I have read in many places that Nokia had released a Laptop and its sales was not successful. I think Nokia is knows as a Mobile Phone producer and has to focus more on that market only. As if it produces other electronic devices, Nokia’s customer will lose their focus on the Nokia as the leader in the Mobile phone devices. Nokia if is trying to expand, its better to use the sample production as laptop, tablet for very limited period, as limited period only and study the market demand. If it was successful (which it was not in the first place) can expand its products slowly in the business-communicating devices only.

Residency Requirements For Congress - Weird Details

Residency Requirements For Congress - Weird Details The residency requirements for Congress contain one of the most unusual quirks in American politics. And that is: You dont even have to live in a congressional district to be elected to serve in that House of Representatives seat. In fact, nearly two dozen members in the 435-member  House live outside of their congressional districts, according to published reports. How can that be? Is it a flaw in the residency requirements for Congress spelled out in the U.S. Constitution? Shouldnt representatives elected to a House seat actually live in the same district with the people who elected them, just like elected members of your local, state and federal government offices are required to live in the municipalities they represent? What the Constitution Says If you want to run for the House of Representatives, you must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least seven years and be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen,† according to the  Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution.   And thats it. Theres nothing in there that requires a member of the House to live within his districts boundaries. Notably Few Hurdles The Constitution placed notably few hurdles between ordinary citizens and becoming a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. The founders wanted the House to be the legislative chamber closest to the people - the least restrictive on age, citizenship, and the only federal office at the time subject to frequent popular election, states the House Office of History, Art Archives. Members of the House are elected every two years, and generally, their re-election rate is very high. The Speaker of the House Doesnt Have to Be a Member Oddly enough, the Constitution doesnt even require the highest-ranking officer of the House  - the speaker  - to be a member. When Speaker John Boehner stepped down the from the post in 2015, several pundits made the case that the House should bring in an outsider, even a dynamic (some would say  bombastic) voice such as Donald Trump or former Speaker Newt Gingrich, to lead the disparate factions of the Republican Party.   Open to Merit of Every Description James Madison, writing in the Federalist Papers, stated: â€Å"Under these reasonable limitations, the door of this part of the federal government is open to merit of every description, whether native or adoptive, whether young or old, and without regard to poverty or wealth, or to any particular profession of religious faith.† Residency Requirements for Serving in the U.S. Senate The rules for serving in the U.S. Senate are a bit tighter in that they require members to live in the state they represent. U.S. senators are not elected by districts, though, and represent their entire state. Every state elects two people to serve in the Senate. The Constitution also requires members of the Senate to be at least 30 years old and a citizen of the United States for at least nine years. Legal Challenges and State Laws The U.S. Constitution does not address residency requirements for local elected officials or members of state legislatures. It leaves the matter up to the states themselves; most require elected municipal and legislative officials to live in the districts where they were elected. States cannot, however, enact laws requiring members of Congress to live in the districts they represent because state law cannot supersede the Constitution. In 1995,  for example, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that qualifications clauses were intended to preclude the states from exercising any [power over Congressional requirements] and, as a result, the Constitution fix[es] as exclusive the qualifications in the Constitution. At that time, 23 states had established term limits for their members of Congress; the Supreme Court decision made them null and void. Subsequently, federal courts struck down residency requirements in California  and Colorado. [This article was updated in September 2017 by Tom Murse.]

The Mount Everest disaster of 1996 as it happened

The Mount Everest disaster of 1996 as it happened Thesis of the Book The thesis of this book is a personal account of Mount Everest disaster in which the author had taken part, but it had turned out to be tragic in which he had lost some of his climbing partners as the disaster unfolded. Although the book has many themes that unfold as the story continues, the theme of mutual trust and care remains dominant across this entire tragic book.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mount Everest disaster of 1996 as it happened specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thesis of the Essay The essay aims at summarizing the book in which the writer makes a personal opinion of the accounts as they are narrated in the book and criticizes the book to bring out the faults that can be identified in the authors story of how the Mount Everest disaster occurred. Summary of the book Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mount Everest Disaster is a book which was published in the year 1997. T he book sets off to narrate one of the deadliest disasters that had taken place in Mount Everest from an individual point of view in which the reader is given a description of what actually happened from a survivor of the ordeal. Krakauer who is the author of this book tells vividly of the accounts that occurred at the world’s highest mountain with such emotional clarity. This depicts why the book became a best selling nonfiction book on its release. The author of this book narrates how he participated in Mount Everest expedition, despite having surrendered his career in mountain climbing way years back. The event took place in the month of May in the year 2006. The author, a professional journalist wrote and featured articles for the outside magazine. He had previous participated in many other mountain climbing expeditions from which he had gathered materials for his articles in the magazine. He later on gave up his career prior to this particular event that involved climbin g Mount Everest (Krakauer 20). Krakauer justified his change of heart to participate in Mount Everest expedition as being purely professional. In the initial plan as it had been reported in the magazine, Krakauer was to climb up to the Mount Everest base in which he was to make a report on the commercialization of the mountain. However, in his childhood and wildest dreams, it evident that Krakauer had always aspired of climbing Mount Everest and this was the best opportunity which was right on the table. He requested his editor to hold off the story until later in the year so that he could get ample time to train hard for the monstrous task of climbing to the summit of the highest mountain in the world.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is from this point that the book exhaustively and chronologically narrates the events that happened on the mountain as they ascen ded to the top of the world’s highest mountain. The author tells of the tragedies that unfolded in pursuit of getting to the world’s ceiling by the determined mountaineers. Personal opinion derived from the book It is evident that the tragedy that took place in Mount Everest was an example of an artificial disaster that was manageable if only the set guidelines that have been stipulated to guide such expeditions had been followed to the latter. The author has in a nutshell pointed out that some of the safety guidelines that had been formulated by the most experienced mountaineers in the world had been violated. It is evident that the violation was done because of the competition that was prevailing between the existing companies that provided the mountaineers with guides who led the mountaineers throughout the ascent on the mountain. This competition has resulted in some of the companies compromising the well-being of the mountaineers, some of whom do not have enough t raining and experience to take part in events such as ascending to the summit of Mount Everest (Krakauer 122). Issues that have arisen from this book It is evident that this book was a success in its release as it sold over a million copies. However, despite the success a lot of criticism has been made by renowned mountaineers and people who had also participated in the expedition in which they had escaped the ordeal. The critics have disputed the material facts that Krakauer has relayed in the book with regard to one of the guides of Russian origin who had been mandated with guiding the team throughout the ascent of Mount Everest. It is evident that in the book, the guide had descended the mountain ahead of his clients in which his motive was to find help and lead a rescue mission in which he would have saved more adventurers when the adventure turned sour. Krakauer in his book seems to question the rationale that this guide had applied in which he had decided to leave his clients alone on the mountain, despite fully knowing that they lacked the experience to handle the situations that were prevailing at that time. He questions the guide’s judgment in not having used supplement oxygen that was an essential component in the paraphernalia that were required by the adventurers. He rebukes the interaction techniques that were applied by the guide in his interaction with the clients. He finally questions the mountaineering gears that were used by the adventurers in their quest to ascend the mountain to its summit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mount Everest disaster of 1996 as it happened specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand a number of professional renowned mountaineers like Galen Rowell have criticized Krakauer’s account in his narration by faulting it as irrational and clouded by individual judgment that is prejudicial in retelling exactly what happened in the fateful adventure. He points out the inconsistencies that are in Krakauer’s account in which he observes that Krakauer was sleeping in his tent and he had no idea what the guide was doing. It is evident that as Krakauer was sleeping, the guide was busy rescuing some of the climbers who were in dire need of medical attention. Galen reckons that the actions of the guide were heroic and he had used his wisdom to forebode the shortcoming that arose from the expedition. Work Cited Krakauer , Jones. Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009. Print.

Procurement & Contracts Coursework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Procurement & Contracts Coursework - Assignment Example 57). One of the key attributes of PPP is that it not only facilitates public-private partnerships during the construction phase, but it provides for post-construction services to be managed by a private agency. It has been argued that by taking this approach, the construction design is usually conducted contemplating subsequent services which ultimately lowers the cost of services. Moreover, the nature and duration of the PPP encourages a relationship of trust and facilitates the free flow of information (Hoppe & Schmitz, 2013). Likewise, Private Finance Initiative (PFI), project procurement, a form of PPP, is particularly important when the public budget is constrained by economic difficulties such as the current economic downturn. PFI is a method by which the public sector secures â€Å"value for money† and the private sector â€Å"service provider† assumes the risks associated with the project (Akintoye, Hardcastle, Beck, Chinyio, & Asenova, 2003, p. 461). Given that the global economic downturn has impacted the UK government’s ability to deliver and meet the demands for health services, a PFI-PPP procurement route is the more innovative and least costly option over traditional procurement routes. ... Traditional procurement routes will also be discussed. The Principles of Public-Private Partnership Procurement Definition PPP is defined by the OECD as: †¦an agreement between the government and one or more private partners (which may include the operators and the financers) according to which the private partners deliver the service in such a manner that the service delivery objectives of the government are aligned with the profit objectives of the private partners and where the effectiveness of the alignment depends on a sufficient transfer or risk to the private partners (OECD, 2008, p. 17). PPP therefore takes the involvement of the private sector to more proactive level and does not merely involve a limited contractual arrangement. PPP is best understood when compared to traditional procurement routes. PPP vs Traditional Procurement Routes Instinctively, the concept of PPP invokes ambivalence over the idea of the private sector becoming involved in the construction and man agement of public infrastructure. However, as Grimsey and Mervyn (2007) point out: †¦the old command and control structures of the public sector are breaking down and are being replaced by interrelationships between government and private sector entities (p. 171). Although traditional procurement routes use the private sector, PPPs can be distinguished in a significant way. Traditional procurement routes usually involve private entities constructing roads, hospitals, schools, public buildings and schools and so on. Private companies also manage and maintain the infrastructure. However, with PPPs, rather than use individual agreements, the agreements are combined in

What Inspired Edward Munch to draw The Scream Essay

What Inspired Edward Munch to draw The Scream - Essay Example He is quoted as saying â€Å"I was walking along the road with two friends—then the Sun sets—all at once the sky became blood red—and I felt overcome with melancholy. I stood still and leaned against the railing, dead tired—clouds like blood and tongues of fire hung above the blue-black fjord and the city. My friends went on, and I stood alone, trembling with anxiety. I felt a great, unending scream piercing through nature† (Olson and Doescher Web) Various factors can be attributed as having played a major role in inspiring Edward Munch to draw the picture. We can derive some hints from the set-up of the picture. One of the major sources of his anxiety was the economic condition that existed during that time. At that time there was an economic crisis, which led to a lot of misery to the people. This means that peoples businesses were deteriorating in performance and the unemployment rate was very high. At a personal level, Edward Munch was undergoin g through this condition in addition to the harsh condition from the separating with his longtime girlfriend. This led to stress, depression, and later anxiety (Messer and Munch 7). Another source of inspiration can be drawn from the seasons in which the picture was drawn. While taking into consideration the time that the picture was drawn, and its contents, we can learn that this picture was drawn during the sunsets of an autumn season, shortly before the fall. Moreover, the screams can be related to the Awu eruption of June 7, 1892. It was the eruption that gave the skies the red background color that is reflected the scream (Bischoff 10). Moreover, we can derive some of the inspirations from Edward Munch’s stay in Nice, France, between 1891 and 1895. It was at this time that Edward Munch explicitly discussed art with his friend basing their art discussion on previous works of other painters. Munch himself mentions that the year 1884 was the year of original inspiration for three paintings. One of the main events that occurred during that period was the Bohemian days of the 1880s. Munch as an artist and writer, was greatly involved in the activities of the bohemian community. He was involved in sharing a studio with Christiania, and six other young artists related to the Bohemian community. During this event, he exhibited his drawings for the first time in a wildly confrontational Christiania debut of Henrik Ibsen's play,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ghosts†, on October 17, 1883. The play gave an insight of the activities carried out by the Bohemian community comprising dishonesty, lack of a free life, and hypocrisy. This drawing was painted in a time when sky watchers had an eventful season. Moreover, the period between the end of 1883 and the first months of 1884, had the most remarkable nightfall’s for the past 150 years. A different source of inspiration can be drawn from the eruption of the volcanic island of Krakatoa in a catastrophic explosion on Aug ust 27, 1883, which sent dust and poisonous gases into the air. Consequently, there were magnificent and fiery sunsets and sunrises mostly in the southern hemisphere and later in the equator. The fiery sunsets and sunrises later spread to the northern latitudes instilling fear in most of the people in the affected region (Olson and Doescher Web). Another source of the inspiration can be drawn from the dark lunar eclipse on December 10, 1992. This eclipse happened in a time when there were many optical effects on the sky during the night. This contributed greatly to instilling fear among the people who lived in the region. Moreover, the lunar eclipse was followed by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. The eruptions in this mountain contributed to a lot