Burnout Mental Health Professionals - 834 Words

Blau, Tatum, and Goldberg (2013) indicated that burnout has been studied in various mental health workers, including; case managers, psychologist, psychotherapist, social workers, rehabilitation counselor, and intensive care workers. Due to the nature of the field and high involvement with the others, mental health workers are likely to experience burnout (Sangganjanavanich Balkin, 2010). Multiple job duties can cause unnecessary stress within the work environment when daily task is not managed properly among mental health professionals. In a survey completed by the American Counseling Association (ACA) 75.7% of mental health professionals that colleagues coping with burnout are significant threat to the profession of counseling (Puig, Baggs, Mixon, Park, Kim, Lee, 2011). Of those professional, 63.5% indicated that they are aware of colleagues who cope with burnout (Puig, Baggs, Mixon, Park, Kim Lee, 2011). Craig and Sprang (2010) indicate that mental health professionals that provide therapy services are faced with daily life adversities that other professionals do not have to encounter. Moreover, other professionals only witness these adversities through television and film (Craig Sprang, 2010). Burnout has been studied in marriage and family therapist, professional counselors, and school counselor (Lee, Choi, Kissinger, and Ogle; Thomas, Kholi, and Choi; Wilkerson, 2009). In addition, research indicates a significant interaction with burnout andShow MoreRelatedHow Cultural Beliefs Affect Our Lives1237 Words   |  5 Pagespresentation, we will be looking at the ways independence, close knit social connections, and their religious worldviews can affect the likelihood that a person from Appalachia may seek help from a mental health professional and how these aspects affect Appalachians views on stigma related to mental health. Independence and Individualism is something that many Appalachians value, and they are very focused on doing things on their own. The close knit families and social groups can cause AppalachiansRead MoreThe Issue Of A Domestic Violence Advocate952 Words   |  4 Pageshave had difficulty working through. When there are such clients our agency does come together and discuss the impact it has on us and how to cope with it in a healthy manner, and I find that to be incredibly supportive and even necessary amongst mental health professions. Another method described that I find helpful and is also my standard â€Å"goto† is the use of humor. Humor is somewhat a twofold experience that alters not only thoughts but physical feeling. The act of laughing or smiling causes the releaseRead MoreThe Role of a Community Counselor1735 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals and communities understand their new challenges and learn the skills they need for dealing with them. These educational efforts can strengthen people’s ability to deal w ith stressors and in some cases, prevent long-lasting effects on mental health† (Lewis, Lewis, Daniels, amp; DAndrea, 2011). Broad-based strategies include developmental and preventive interventions aimed at the community at large, to teach members of the community new skills and help community members gain awarenessRead MoreHow Social Work Affects The Lives Of Becoming A Social Worker1805 Words   |  8 Pageseducation through SUNY College at Buffalo to the test. In addition to working at a daycare, my internship through SUNY College at Buffalo also helped me to narrow down what I wanted as a concentration piece of my masters. As an intern to the Mental Health Director at Holy Cross Head Start at Northwest Community Center in Buffalo, I got a hands on experience of what it is like to work with children with IEP’s, doing paperwork, planning and home visits. When it came to working with children with anRead MoreHealth Bridge Hospital : A Child Based Hospital Essay1961 Words   |  8 PagesEstablished in 1998, Health Bridge Hospital is an acute specialized institution and is licensed to provide sub-acute and acute special pediatric care. Health bridge hospital is a child based hospital that aids in providing pediatric special acute care for children. The hospital also serves as a higher bridge between homes for families and the hospital because of the serious complex issues that arise medically. Premature birth, chronic disease, serious injuries, major surgeries and life threateningRead MoreSelf-Supervision and Plan Essay3182 Words   |  13 PagesClinical mental health counselors diagnose, treat, and test psychological disorders as well as support and teach clients skills needed for positive behavior changes. According to the 2012 American Mental Health Counselors Association’s (AMHCA) code of ethics â€Å"Mental health counselors believe in the dignity and worth of the individual. They are committed to increasing knowledge of human behavior and understanding of themselves and others. They use their skills only for purposes consistent with theseRead MoreWestern Nursing Theories2478 Words   |  10 Pagesthe physicians/psychiatrists biomedical theory to mental illness. This writer suggests that today in response to the changing world that nurse theories will revolutionize treatment of the mental health consumer. The World Health Organization lists what world changes have occurred, and how health care nee ds to change in response to the world.(Barker,2009) WHO lists these changes in relevance to psychiatric nursing and the need for flexible mental healthcare, to address our changing society.(BarkerRead MoreMental Health Staff For Protected Therapeutic Time Within Adult Psychiatric Wards2000 Words   |  8 PagesHamilton s (2012) qualitative study Attitudes of Mental Health Staff to Protected Therapeutic Time in Adult Psychiatric Wards. I chose this article as I was very interested in hearing what staff in inpatient psychiatric units thought about the benefits and drawbacks of protected therapeutic time with clients. Authors Background and Intended Audience This article was written by two authors who are both consultant psychiatrists for the National Health Services in the United Kingdom. Thomson holdsRead MoreLiterature Review On Stress And Burnout1175 Words   |  5 PagesDescriptive Literature Review: Stress and Burnout in Mental Health Nursing â€Å"Nurses caring for psychiatric patients who have been referred by law-enforcement for example forensic psychiatric/mental health patients, including patients formerly termed ‘criminally insane’ (Steadman Cocozza, 1978), would inevitably be subject to a greater risk of violence and aggression, and stress and burnout, compared with those working in any other field of nursing† (Mason, 2002 as cited in Dickinson WrightRead MoreSocial Workers And Mental Health Providers1477 Words   |  6 Pagesworkers and mental health providers work in a field where trauma is prevalent. This means that people who work in these types of fields are more likely to experience what is called â€Å"secondary traumatization†, â€Å"vicarious traumatization† or â€Å"compassion fatigue†. These terms all essentially describe the negative impact of bonding with a trauma survivor and exposure to the survivor’s traumatic encounters (McCann Pearlman 1990 ). These terms are different than and should not be confused â€Å"with burnout†. The

Did the New Deal Satisfy the Three Rs - 860 Words

FDR’s New Deal It is nearly impossible to discus the economic situation of the 1930’s without discussing one of the major things that occurred during it: Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. The New Deal was put together by Roosevelt in order to satisfy the three R’s; Relieve, Recover and Reform. In doing so, he hoped to bring an end to the great depression. The new deal did not come in one form though. It took on the forms of many separate programs attempting to satisfy relief, recovery or reform. A few of the most notable programs were FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), and the PWA (Public Works Association). The New deal did not satisfy each of the three R’s even though. Many of the programs†¦show more content†¦It aimed to slowly help people back up by offering them jobs and paying them for it. A third major program that the New Deal instated was the Public Works Association. The aim of this p rogram was also to help people recover from the depression by employing them under the government. Under this program, people were hired to help construct important things to the public, such as roads, railways, and bridges. This would help, because it was employing people, and paying them for working. This money would in turn enter the economy, and help strengthen it. It also was aim to help people recover, because it did not offer instant relief for anyone suffering. It slowly began to boost people’s income, and strengthen the economy. In conclusion, the New Deal was an integral part of the 1930’s. Although it did not end the Great Depression, it certainly did help alleviate the problems people were faced with during the time. It did this through various programs that sought to relieve people who were affect the worst by the depression, recover the economy by giving people jobs, and reform the government to try to prevent another disaster like itShow MoreRelatedThe Growing Managers Case Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing to need to use The Five R’s to get her team up and running efficiently. The action plan breaks down into three weeks that allows Richardson to work The Five R’s into her team’s everyday work life. In the â€Å"Growing Managers† case, it seems as though everything that could go wrong for Richardson did as she started her new managerial role in Phoenix. All of Richardson’s problems stem from the Hierarchical Needs Model which argues that people are motivated to satisfy their most basic unfulfilledRead MoreRoosevelt and The New Deal Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesbut through his New Deal program, the federal government became much more involved socially and economically in peoples lives in contrast to its traditionally passive role. The governments responsibilities in peoples lives changed and individuals responsibilities changed too. The role of the government in peoples lives expanded greatly during the New Deal era. When Roosevelt took office, his main goal was to provide relief for the country. He thought there were three key elementsRead MoreCoke and Pepsi Issues5071 Words   |  21 Pagesare still affecting the company, they will formulate another response to solve the issues effectively. In this case, Coke issue certainly had not ended. This is because the company did pollute the environment. However, they choose to not apologize. Instead, Coke hired a new public relations firm to build a new image in order to boost up their sales in the country. This act shows that Coke not only prioritize their profits but also trying to hide their wrongdoings of polluting the environmentRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Save People s Lives2260 Words   |  10 Pagestesting happened in the ancient times to satisfy a curiosity for anatomy and to obtain knowledge. Back in these days a researcher would cut open an awake animal before a crowd. Belgian Andreas Vesalius and his students in Padua, Italy demonstrated public lectures on anatomy. â€Å"An animal, usually a dog, would be cut open while still alive and the function of each organ would be speculated upon as it was located† (Monamy 9). Today animals are used as a way to test new and unknown medications on a livingRead M oreCase Study of McDonalds including SWOT analysis3414 Words   |  14 Pagescurrent trends and concerns in their individual geographical locations, simultaneously cutting costs. i.For example: In Europe, McDonalds discovered that children were content with a simple word puzzle on a menu tray or a small stuffed animal and did not require more expensive Happy meal promotions that they used in the U.S. c.This year the worlds largest restaurant chain, with 31,000 locations, will spend $1.9 billion to open 800 restaurants and reinvest in existing locations. 3.The companysRead MoreIRS Practice And Procedures Lessons10503 Words   |  43 Pages Technical advice memorandum (after) e. Determination letter binding to the specific tax letter. f. Chief Counsel advice one of the attorneys for the IRS. g. Internal Revenue Manual h. IRS publication i. Oral communication 3. Describe the three types of Treasury regulations and their relative weight of authority. Legislative ( a legislative regulation has the force and effect of law) or substantive, Interpretive. 4. Section 1361(b)(1)(D) provides that a subchapter S corporation cannot haveRead MoreHow Pastoral Care Policy Has Contributed to the Management of Junior Secondary Schools In Botswana23474 Words   |  94 Pagespaper. This work would not have been possible without his prompt and constructive comments in every submission we made. Special thanks go to each one of our families for their prayers, believing in our abilities, supporting us and putting up with our three years absence. May the good Lord repay their patience and endurance. We are forever indebted to God Almighty who kept us healthy and supplied us with divine energy throughout our study. He in a miraculous way bound us together with strings that couldRead MoreEssay about Whole Foods Market16819 Words   |  68 Pagesthe United Kingdom and the United States, has had unstable activity resulting in an increase in unemployment and a decrease in consumer spending. Both of these factors have negatively affected Whole Foods direction, as far as expanding and building new stores. Whole Foods has been keeping up with the changing technology. The organic retailer has been improving the growth of organic foods. Not only has Whole Foods been focused on their technology efforts, but they have also become a leaderRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pages Inc. Executive Publisher: Don Fowley Associate Publisher: Daniel Sayer Acquisitions Editor: Jennifer Welter Marketing Manager: Christopher Ruel Production Manager: Dorothy Sinclair Production Editor: Sandra Dumas Senior Designer: Kevin Murphy New Media Editor: Lauren Sapira Editorial Assistant: Mark Owens Production Management Services: Elm Street Publishing Services Composition Services: Aptara, Inc. This book was typeset in 10/12 Times by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley

Strengths and Weaknesses Employment Relations in China

Question: Discuss about the Strengths and Weaknesses for Employment Relations in China. Answer: Introduction The employment relations in each and every country are monitored and reviewed by the legal framework developed by the state government. Employment relations are described as the legal link existing between employers and employees for exchange of performing services by an employee in return of compensation provided by the employers. The role of government on industrial relations is very important as it determines the legal obligations of both the employer and employees on each other. The existence of legal laws and regulations developed by state plays a critical role in promoting good employment relations by providing equal degree of control to both the parties in context (Blyton et al., 2008). In this regard, the present paper assesses the strengths and the weaknesses of the role that the state plays in the system of employment relations in China. Assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the role that the state plays in the system of employment relations in China General Assessment of Role of State in Employment Relations Employment relations are not only limited to the employer-employee relations but also includes industry context which provides framework for governing these relations. Employment relations generally exist at individual as well as at collective level. Individual level includes the relationship existing between employer and employees while at collective level it refers to the relationship existing between association of employer and employees such as trade unions (Dzimbiri, 2008).The role of state and central government is very important in regulating employer-employee relations at collective level for ensuring protection of interests of both the parties. Thus, it can be said that there are three major parties involved in employment relations that are, employer, employees and government. The state and central government holds the responsibility of regulating employer-employee relations through development of legal laws and regulations for monitoring the working conditions in industrial sector (Blyton et al., 2008). Also, the state also established labor courts, tribunals and other regulatory bodies for resolving conflicts arising between employer-employees in any context. The state government also plays a major role in promoting collective bargaining to protect the exploitation of workers by employers (Dzimbiri, 2008). Collective bargaining can be described as a process of carrying out negotiation between employees and employers association for determining the employment terms and conditions such as remuneration, working hours, benefits, health and safety. Collective bargaining process has played a significant role in promoting fair employment relations and improving working conditions (Bendix, 2001). The state government holds the authority to take decisions in the matters involved in disputes related to wages and working conditions that is to should be abided by both employers and employees. The state government is actively involved in introducing major steps for promoting growth of trade uni ons in developing and underdeveloped economies of the world. In addition to this, it also takes voluntary initiatives such as establishing codes of conduct and discipline for industries to achieve industrial peace and harmony. The government holds all the legal power to impose decisions in the event of strikes and lockout for overcoming industrial unrest (Dzimbiri, 2008). Labor Market in China The introduction of economic reform in China has opened up its economy to outside world, which is facilitating the economic activities between domestic community and other countries. This has caused major changes in the employment relations in the country over the past few years (Wu, 2006). There have been large scale establishments of non-public entities in the country causing large scale increase in the number of employees. The state enterprises in the country were largely restructured for enhancing the volume of productivity (Rush, 2011). This leads to a significant increase in the number of employee responsible for the occurrence of industrial disputes in the country. The reforms in China have facilitated rapid development of industries caused by the large scale migration of workers from rural to urban areas in search of employment. The unlimited supply of labor in Chinese market is responsible for creating an imbalance between supply and demand factors of labor. The growing inte nsity of labor in Chinese market has caused the occurrence of several conflicts between employer and employees. Industrial conflicts have evolved as a major prominent issue in the countrys market with the fraction of disputes increasing in number dramatically (China: from surplus labor and unemployment risk, to labor shortages in a decade, 2015). The nature of industrial disputes relating to employment relations is collective in nature. The major causes of industrial disputes in Chinas labor market are compensation, economic remedies, labor insurance and welfare programs. The percentage of industrial disputes in Chinas market is increasing at a rapid rate for example, there were approximately about 515,000 workers involved in collective disputes in the year 2003 that represents about 61.6% of the total industrial disputes. The nature of employment disputes being collective in nature is complex in nature and thus their resolution poses difficulty for the management and government in China. There is relative increase in the mass protest and campaigns in the country indicating workers dissatisfaction about their working conditions (Lee and Warner, 2006). The major example of industrial disputes occurred in China on account of employment relations are of Hondas strikes in the year 2010. The main cause for the occurrence of strike in the company was relating to compensation conditions of employees. Thus, the increasing number of industrial disputes in the country has laid to the necessity of introducing sound HRM practices in the management practices of companies in the country. The role of state has become very crucial in China for overcoming the increasing rate of industrial disputes in the country through enforcement of mandatory laws and regulations to be followed by the industries in the country (Chan and Hui, 2012). Laws and Regulations in China China mainly adopts and follows a centralized system of government. Thus, state governance occupies the main role in Chinese market for developing policies relating to promoting welfare of its citizens. Chinese Communist Party has established Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in the year 1949 for implementing an institutional framework for governing employment relations. The Labor law was passed by PRC government in the year 1994 for promoting employees welfare. The law mainly emphasized on protecting the legal rights of employees and for overcoming conflicts arising between employer and employees (Xie, 2015). The institutions covered under the law include state-owned and private enterprises, government agencies and the individual economic organization. The law provides employees the authority to form trade unions for representing their interests and opinions in front of the management. The trade union developed will function independently in order to protect the legal rights of employ ees (Brown, 2010). Labor law mainly covers the issues related to labor contacts, collective agreements, work hours, leaves, compensation, safety and health, child work protection, social insurance and benefits. In addition to this, Trade Union Law has been passed by PRC government in 2001 for resolving the conflicts arising between employer and employees for promoting harmonious industrial relations (Cooney et al., 2013). The main objective behind the development of trade union law was to provide assistance to institutions in the event of any conflicting situation for restoring work and order. There has also been the development of Employees Assembly in China that is mainly seen as a democratic management system adopted at enterprise level for monitoring the daily work activities of organizations. Employees Assembly holds the responsibility of increasing the trade union power in the decision-making process of enterprises. Employees Assembly functions under the control of Communist party and enforces th e policies and principles of State party at the enterprise level. Employment Promotion law in China is mainly developed for promoting positive interaction between employer and employees and reducing inequality in employment relations. It grants protection to the employees against any form of discrimination based on the factors such as ethnicity, race, gender, religions or any other such factor. It ensures providing equal employment options to the workers by offering employment in accordance with their duties (Shen, 2007). Role of State in Employment Relations in China Employment relations system in China is mainly governed and regulated by the state governance. It is a labor administration system dominated mainly by the state government. The state government regulates and monitors the employment relations through the implementation of a collective consultation system (Dzimbiri, 2008).The increasing rate of industrial conflicts in Chinese economy has led to the establishment of a collective contract system for managing labor relations through carrying out negotiations between employer and employees. The general conditions of employment in China are manly governed by national laws and are implemented in accordance with provincial and municipal regulations. The development of Trade Union Law has caused the establishment of collective contract system as a measure of adopting a legal framework for monitoring employment relations in China (Lee, 2006). ACFTU, that is All China Federation of Trade Unions, has emphasized on the adoption and implementation of a collective contract system as a critical means for regulating labor relations in the changing economic context of the country. The state government has enforced enterprises to sign collective contracts for enhancing the power of trade unions in regulating employment relations (Shen, 2007).Trade union plays a major role in protecting the rights and interests of employees and resolving the industrial conflicts arising on the basis of wages and working conditions. The state has directed ACFTU the responsibility of promoting reforms in employment relation system in China in order to promote industrial peace. The economic reforms brought in the China have led to a sudden increase in the number of industrial disputes . In this context, ACFTU holds the responsibility of ensuring good relations between management, state and the trade union. The state government plays a critical role in initiating the system of collective consultation and its implementation at the enterprise level is mainly under the control of trade union. The process of collective consultation adopted by the enterprises in China can be stated as a method of referring the proposals recommended by the management and trade union to all the levels of an enterprise and reporting the feedback gained to the trade union for consideration purpose (Guo, 2012). The development of collective consultation system has provided a full authority to state government for monitoring and reviewing the employment relations in China through controlling trade union activities. Collective contract process provides state government the power to initiate and intervene in the negotiations carried out between employer and employees in the situations of the occurrence of industrial disputes. The state can enforce necessary laws and regulations on enterprises through collective consultation system for regulating employment relations system (Cooke, 2005). The employment relations in China are mainly under the control of state but provide a great degree of diversity depending on the type of ownership in enterprises. The trade unions does not occupy freedom of implementing reforms in the employment relations but in context are regulated by the party organizations at the state level. Thus, it can be said that state occupies a major position in regulation of employ er-employee relations in China. Strengths The increasing conflicts between trade unions and employers have prompted the development of a collective consultation system in China. The introduction and development of collective consultation system has enabled the state to develop harmonious labor relations with the employees. Collective consultation system is implemented by the state in the enterprises of the country for reconciling conflicting interests (Liu and Smith, 2016). This system has caused the introduction of employment contracts in the enterprises for providing job protection to the employees. It has facilitated the development of a democratic management system in industries for protecting the interests and rights of workers. The direct control of state party on the enterprises acts as a critical tool in resisting the employers from indulging in any type of unethical practices against the employees (Stembridge and Fisac, 2004). The workers hold the authority of representing their common interest and opinions in front of the employers through the help of trade unions. The representative of trade union holds the responsibility of carrying out negotiations from the employer for securing the welfare of employees (Guo, 2012). Trade unions have secured various benefits of employees in China such as higher compensation, improved working conditions and granting employees job protection from arbitrary action by employers. Trade union keeps a direct control on the practices and procedures adopted by the employers to protect the discrimination of employees on the basis of caste, race, religion etc. Trade unions in China also play a vital role in the development of labor laws and regulations for ensuring protection of employees. The Labor Contract Law in China was developed from the support of trade unions that are directly under the control of state governance. The labor law of the country provides authority to the em ployees to develop their trade union for representing the problems and issues faced by them (Brown, 2010). Weaknesses The employment relation system in China is directly under the control of state bodies. Collective consultation system introduced in enterprises by state bodies to ensure protection of workers but neither the management and nor the trade union can act independently under this system. Trade unions act under the guiding principles of local government and party authorities. ACFTU holds the monopoly of organizing trade unions at the enterprise level and employees does not have any authority to form their independent trade unions (Shen, 2007). Thus, the dominance of state over trade union system makes collective consultation system rather ineffective to represent the common interest and opinions of employees. There is lack of employees participation system in the development of trade unions that is strictly supervised by state bodies. The employment relations system in China lacks the presence of a labor protection policy that is responsible for the increasing conflicts occurring between e mployers and employees. The absence of such a policy has resulted in the occurrence of issues such as low wages and improper work environment in the enterprises of China (Chan and Hui, 2012). The increasing interference of party-state in the trade unions development is responsible for inculcating beliefs in workers that such unions are only a administrative authority of state governance. It does not play any role in defending and protecting employees interest and welfare. Trade unions have to first in place complies with the obligations of state, enterprises and at last of the workers (Leung, 2012). The representatives of trade unions are appointed by the party and thus take actions that are in the interest of state and not of the union members. The process of collective barging followed by the enterprises in China under the collective consultation system is largely different from that adopted by the other developed countries. The negotiations carried out under collective barging are not a voluntary process between management and labor but is completely guided by the state government. Such a process undertaken is not able to represent the rights and interests of employees before the management appropriately thus leading to the occurrence of large number of industrial conflicts in China (Chinas labour dispute resolution system, 2011). State-owned enterprises are relatively incapable of resolving labor relations problems in the country and this is responsible for employees dissatisfaction. The types of conflicts such as protest, rally and campaigns are common in China due to divergence of interests between management and labor party and ineffectiveness of trade unions to resolve them (Guo, 2012). The judicial system of the country does not take any legal actions towards resolving industrial conflicts due to state-owned nature of the enterprises. This is responsible for the disruptive actions taken by the employees such as united strikes for drawing attention towards their problems and issues. The absence of employees participation in the decision-making process of the management is causing the occurrence of problems such as industrial riots in the country (Cooney et al., 2013). As such, there is a strict requirement of implementing a participation mechanism for the employees through which they can easily share the problems and issues faced by them at the workplaces (Chinas labour dispute resolution system, 2011). Employee Assembly is also under the direct control of state and thus restrains workers from voicing their opinion through employee assembly. The central government in China should take effective steps for overcoming the increasing issues of industrial conflicts occurring due to state-owned nature of enterprises (Shen, 2007). The development of new labor policies is essential in Chinese economy to support its ongoing growth and development under the new market reforms. The set of new laws and legislations should incorporate developments such as individual labor contract, market-based wage system and labor protection policies (Leung, 2012). Thus, the increasing control of state governance of employment relations in China is responsible for the widespread industrial conflicts occurring in the country. Conclusion Thus, it can be summarized from the overall discussion that employment relations in China is completely dominated and controlled by state bodies. This is done through the development of trade unions at the enterprises level that are directly under the control of state governance. The major strength of such a system is keeping a check on the business practices and procedures so that employers are not able to engage in any type of corruptive practices against the employees. However, there are various weaknesses in the system of state dominance on the enterprise level for managing employment relations. Employment relations system in China need to implement major changes in its structuring for overcoming the problems arising due to state dominance in the system. There should be increased participation from the employees for reducing the dominance of state on taking decisions during collective bargaining process. The dominance of state should be reduced for fair providing equal barging po wer to the employees and to avoid the occurrence of industrial conflicts in China. References Bendix, S. (2001). Industrial Relations in South Africa. Juta and Company Ltd. Blyton, P. et al. (2008). The SAGE Handbook of Industrial Relations. SAGE. Brown, R. C. (2010). Understanding Labor and Employment Law in China. Cambridge University Press. Chan, C. and Hui, E. (2012). The Dynamics and Dilemma of Workplace Trade Union Reform in China: The Case of the Honda Workers Strike. Journal of Industrial Relations 54(5), 653668. China: from surplus labour and unemployment risk, to labour shortages in a decade. (2015). Retrieved August 22, 2016, from https://www.georgemagnus.com/china-from-surplus-labour-and-unemployment-risk-to-labour-shortages-in-a-decade/ Chinas labour dispute resolution system. (2011). Retrieved August 22, 2016, from https://www.clb.org.hk/content/china%E2%80%99s-labour-dispute-resolution-system Cooke, F. (2005). HRM, Work and Employment in China. Psychology Press. Cooke, F. L. (2013). Human Resource Management in China: New Trends and Practices. Routledge. Cooney, S. et al. (2013). Law and Fair Work in China. Routledge. Dzimbiri, L. B. (2008). Industrial Relations in a Developing Society: The Case of Colonial, Independent One-party and Multiparty Malawi. Cuvillier Verlag. Friedman, E. Lee, C. (2010). Remaking the World of Chinese Labour: A 30-Year Retrospective. British Journal of Industrial Relations 48(3), 507-533. Guo, S. (2012). Chinese Politics and Government: Power, Ideology and Organization. Routledge. Lee, C. (2006). Recent Industrial Relations Developments in China and Viet Nam: The Transformation of Industrial Relations in East Asian Transition Economies. Journal of Industrial Relations 48(3), 415-429. Lee, G. Warner, M. (2006). Unemployment in China: Economy, Human Resources and Labour Markets. Routledge. Leung, S. (2012). Chinas Labor Contract System from Planned to Market Economy. Journal of Law, Ethics and Intellectual Property 3(1), 1-10. Liu, M. Smith, C. (2016). China at Work: A Labour Process Perspective on the Transformation of Work and Employment in China. Palgrave Macmillan. Loudon, R. et al. (2013). Introduction to Employment Relations. Pearson Higher Education. Rush, A. (2011). Chinas Labour Market. Retrieved August 22, 2016, from https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/sep/pdf/bu-0911-4.pdf Shen, J. (2007). Labour Disputes and their Resolution in China. Elsevier. Stembridge, F Fisac, T. (2004). China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion and Collective Identities. Routledge. Taylor, B. et al. (2003). Industrial Relations in China. Edward Elgar Publishing. Wu, Y. (2006). Economic Growth, Transition, and Globalization in China. Edward Elgar Publishing. Xie, Z. (2015). Labor Law in China: Progress and Challenges. Springer.

Ufos Fact Or Fiction Essays - Unidentified Flying Objects, Ufology

Ufos: Fact Or Fiction? Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, are one of the most controversial mysteries known to mankind. From ancient to present times, unidentified objects have been seen in the sky by millions of people. The question is, of course, what is it that we are seeing in our skies? Are they foreign spacecrafts from distant planets, merely Air Force experiments, or only our imagination? Many people believe that extraterrestrial life is existent and far more advanced then us. Conversely, many believe that aliens are just figments of our optimistic imaginations. What about our governments? Are they hiding vital information from us, the citizens of the world, in belief that we are better off not knowing the truth? Countless government employees have continually denied allegations of UFOs being in contact with our planet. Then again, many of these officials have also allegedly taken part in UFO cover-ups and seen flying saucers for themselves. Is there some huge conspiracy, or are there only attention-hungry people who wish to be in the spotlight? Arguments are incredibly strong for both sides. There is an excessive amount of information which could lead one to assume that UFOs are fiction, yet there is also an abundant amount of evidence which suggests that UFOs are in fact out there. What, and who, are we to believe? I. On September 1, 1859, Richard Carrington, a renowned astronomer of his time, saw two luminous bodies that he said were not meteors flying through the air (Lore 53). Nine years later at Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, many astronomers witnessed a luminous object that moved quickly across the sky, stopped, changed course to the west, then to the south, where it hovered for four minutes. Then it headed toward the north. (Lore 53) UFOs. What are they, and where do they come from? Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, are one of the worlds oldest and most intriguing mysteries. UFOs are commonly called flying saucers, which the American Heritage Dictionary defines as any of various unidentified flying objects typically reported and described as luminous discs (272). Esteemed Idaho businessman Kenneth Arnold coined the phrase flying saucer when in June of 1947 he saw saucer-shaped discs flying over the Cascade Mountains. It was in this year that these unidentified flying object sightings began to escalate. About one month after Arnold saw these objects in the sky the incident at Roswell occurred. July of 1947, Roswell, New Mexico. The spaceships of extraterrestrials flew over the site of a 1945 atomic bomb test site. During flight, one of these spacecrafts malfunctioned and crashed to the earth. Its entire crew was killed. As Charles Moore stated: various portions of this sequence of events were observed on Army Air Force radars and by eyewitnesses. Thus, alerted, the military acted swiftly; a cordon of troops was placed around the impact site; the wreckage and the small, humaniod alien bodies were removed; and all traces of the crash were expunged. (3) On the 8th of July, the public relations officer at Roswell Army Air Force issued a press release which stated that they had recovered a flying disk that had been sent on to higher headquarters for examination (Moore 3). Within hours though, this announcement was repudiated. The general in command of the regional Army Air Force declared that the wreckage was merely the remains of a weather balloon. This latter story was obviously invented to conceal the recovery of an alien spacecraft. Government officials continued this cover-up by threatening eyewitnesses and local reporters with severe reprisals if they continued to reveal information about the flying disk (Moore 3). This was just the beginning of a massive cover-up, which attempts to keep the worlds citizens in the dark. It wasnt until 1979 when a former military intelligence officer from the Roswell Army Air Force defied the security regulations and spoke out. He told reporters and UFO investigators that the wreckage collected near Roswell in 1947 was not that of a weather balloon and that the fragments he had seen and handled exhibited unusual properties, in terms of hardness and strength, that were not possessed by terrestrial materials (Moore 4). In following years researchers interviewed many people who had firsthand or secondhand knowledge about the

Mass media in society

McChesney- ‘Rich Media, Poor Democracy’ McChesney wrote ‘Rich Media, Poor Democracy’ to show the democratic problems in United States and other countries in the world and how corporate media downplays the requirements of attaining an effective democratic system. The author also addressed the concentration of ownership in the media industry and how this has transformed the sector.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mass media in society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He further analyzes how public broadcast stations have gradually fallen due to policies that are deliberately formulated to protect corporate media. His study also evaluates the media industry and corporate ownership between 1970s and 1990s (McCheseney, 2000, p. 15-18). According to author, increase in the number of channels in U.S., is a major cause of corporate concentration in media industry. He argues that technologic al advancements in cable, television, digital media and satellite have resulted to changes in media ownership. He also argues that corporate concentration comes in as a response to the rapid changes in the industry. He asserts that for a media firm to make profits in such an industry, it has to invest in international distributors, stations, frequencies, operations of the channels and also in cable channels. The author of ‘Rich Media, Poor Democracy’ says that most of corporate concentration in the 1970s up to 1990s seemed to have conglomeration kind of media ownership. In such an ownership, a certain major media becomes a key shareholder in two or more sectors in the media industry. These sectors may be in recorded music, publishing sector and a broadcast sector. With such ownership, the operations of these media outlets’ can be interfered with by the advertisers who in most cases form the major corporate owners. With such influences, citizens are limited in mak ing informed decisions. This is because ownership threatens their democratic rights. Stories are also written in favor of the owners or else media practitioners risk losing their jobs. McChesney also argues that â€Å"the United States media system is an integral part of the capitalist political economy and that the relation it has important and troubling implications for democracy† (McCheseney, 2000, p. 15).Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Changes and consequences of the rapid increase in concentration of ownership in mass media, and the implications of this to consumers Concentration of media ownership is normally surrounded by large media systems owning few corporations or media firms .Concentration of ownership can be in the form of monopoly, whereby, one corporation owns the whole market. At other times, the ownership may be having two or more businesses o r media firms dominating the industry and compete with one another (Voelker Voelker,2002, p.65). Concentration of the media operates under the concept of ‘benefits go to the big fish’. Competition is the determinant factor of any kind of market economy and diversity. Concentration of a market results into homogeneity .The number of consumers are often limited and so is the market size. Unregulated concentration of the media cuts on the number of competitors hence creating a monopoly-dominance situation. Since 1990s, regulation of the content that features on newspapers, TV or radio has continued to dominate the media industry across the world at the expense of the society. Society depends on the media outlets for education, information, news and also for entertainment (Croteau Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47). Concentration of media ownership can influence the profits that a media firm attains. Since the liberalization of the European media markets in 1980s, the number of privat ely owned media has continually increased. The growth is mainly associated with internet innovation. With privately owned media and emergence of internet, there are major shifts in the advertisement industry. This is because the owners decide on which media channel to advertise in. But because most media outlets rely on advertisement fee, then, withdrawal of the fee means a loss on the media outlet. This can cause adverse financial effects and can even lead to journalists losing their jobs and closure of the channels. Politicians in the society can also withhold advertisements from a given system in the media industry causing the medium to suffer financially (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37). Concentration of media ownership can also result into censorship of the amount of information that the society gets. In such instances, all the printing facilities and circulation channels may be centralized into some few companies. This is a situation that can cause a barrier on people in the soci ety from accessing newspapers (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47). An independent media set the agenda for the society. To be open and independent, newspapers must not be owned by the local entities in the society or the state. With concentration of media owners in the newspaper industry, newspapers lose their independence to the competitors. This interrupts what has for long been known as news worthy incidents. Relevant themes fail to feature, hence a shift in the society’s agenda.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mass media in society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individual citizens rely heavily on the media while determining what is important. The media sets the agenda by repeatedly focusing on a particular topic. In this way, the media shapes opinions and behaviors of people in the society. However, when there is a concentration of media ownership in a particular state, then the content is determ ined by the existing powers of the owner. In most cases, the influences come from political power holders in the society (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47). According to European Human Rights Court, the media has to have a major voice and openly give opinions if democracy is to be observed. Plurality is a major policy in Europe that governs the media. In order to promote democracy in any society, plurality must be exercised as well as a competitive market. This also means that the society must be given an opportunity to choose from what media channel they may listen to. The effectiveness of any communication system in a democratic society is measured by the quality of the information transmitted. This calls for media systems that freely expresses ideas and also give opinions without any interference. This is a requirement for the people in decision making process within a society. Individuals in a community heavily rely on the media in order to exercise their democracy to information and freedom for speech and expression. However, this can only be achieved in a society that practices democracy and is open. The media must also be an independent one if the rights of these individuals are to be observed (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 3). With concentration of ownership, professional journalism is always under attack. The society is surrounded with lots of print, film, television, internet, and of course music as main media outlets for different individuals. However, political ownership of these media outlet can adversely interfere with journalistic professionalism. Journalists are the society’s watchdog. They observe what is happening in the political world and also sensor social problems on behalf of individuals. They also play a major role in fostering developments within the society. Lack of an open and free media in a society leads to lack of democracy. Extreme consequences on journalists who disregard the regulations of the media by the monopoly companies ca n be death sentences, long term imprisonments and other forms of physical violence. This the highest order of democracy suppression (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 37-47).Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With self and profit oriented media companies, media is becoming almost limited in its meaning. In addition, professional practices are often overlooked when looking for news events and incidents. This is because corporate ownership of the industry demands for ‘big’ stories in order to make huge profits. The media system has been rapidly changed by the fact that most of the corporations are run with the motives of making profits through advertisements hence limiting the democracy that media brings in any society. In today’s world, media ownership is becoming more and more concentrated to businesses thus making the media industry hard to professionally tame (OSCE, 2003, p. 40) Concentration of ownership of media has caused investigative and critical coverage of stories is a thing of the past. This means that consumers of such news receive shallow information on issues that could be critically represented by an independent and open medium. In concentrated corporati ons of media, the aim is to make as much money as possible, and so no need to conduct underground investigations and deeply analyze content that would benefit the consumers (OSCE, 2003, p. 40). Furthermore, media policies that the monopoly companies make restrict coverage of some incidents. Critical issues that affect the society are hindered, a position that leaves the society ignorant of the important matters that concern them. The scenario in corporate media is that of local powers and directors holding the most shares in the company and being in the executive positions. They therefore control the running of a media system socially and politically. A situation that gives a loop hole for professionalism rules to be undermined. This will directly affect the content that consumers receive when they buy the newspapers, listen to a radio channel or watch a television program. The content will be of lesser value than they pay for. In such a scenario the media practitioners are compelle d to cover the politicians favorably. They also at some point receive incentives form the local powers. This is a violation of journalistic code of conduct (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 3). The competition for market share in the media industry can make politicians use the media as a platform to reinforce their political profiles in light for the next elections (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 45). At some time, politicians may chose which journalist will interview them. At the end the content of the media channel is influenced to feature political matters instead of the critical issues that directly affect the society. The effect of this is that educative and informational programs on broadcast media and articles on newspaper are replaced with political content (OSCE, 2003, p. 24). Consumers buy subjective content in such model of ownership. The role of editors, journalists and publishers shift from being watch dogs for the society to political advisors. In the contemporary world, journalists can only remain credible when they independently observe the event and then report. This is in contrast to most concentrated or privately run media. This results into failure of objective reporting among the media practitioners (Croteau Hoyn, 2003, p. 56). Audiences have different tastes and compositions. However production facilities and distribution channels may be influenced to benefit the major firms who mainly aim at making profits. With concentration of ownership in the music industry, individual citizens only get what interests the management and ownership of the major companies. The audience is left with no choice but to listen what is exposed to them through the media channels or through a limited access to some music albums (Wells Hakanen, 1997, p. 73). The music industry, like the newspaper constituents of the media was also dominated by concentration of ownership during the period ranging from 1969 to1990. Since then, production system in the industry music has change d from a ‘closed’ to an ‘open’ model (McCheseney, 2000, p. 15-20). In this industry, the same concept of concentration applies with the large-based producers, publicity and distribution segment having an overall control of other recording companies. With such a system within the music industry, innovation and diversity promotes the large companies in gaining both control and in getting large profits (Croteau, Hoyn, 2003, p. 56). Conclusion Concentration of media ownership creates barriers of entry for new companies. This situation causes competition to be stiff. There is no effective media policy which can exist in the media industry that is interpedently with politics. Newspapers are slowly losing their relevance to the society due to political influence. Consumers are therefore opting for other communication channels in place of print media. Recent studies indicate that the use of television as the primary source of news and political influence on conten t has made many lose their trust in the media. To ensure that consumers get the right information content and access of the medium, the media should be allowed to operate independently. Media regulators also need to follow transparent procedures and policies when allocating broadcast permits and frequencies. Reference List Croteau, D. Hoyn, W. (2003). Media society: industries, images and audiences. U.S.: Pine Forge Press. Web. McCheseney, R. (2000). Rich media, poor democracy: communication politics in dubious times. New York: The new press. Web. OSCE. (2003).  The Impact of media concentration on professional journalism. Web. Voelker, F. H. Voelker,L. A. (2002). Mass media: forces in our society. Michigan: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Wells, A. Hakanen, E. (1997). Mass media society. U.S.: Greenwood publishing group. Web. This term paper on Mass media in society was written and submitted by user Damaris Stout to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essays

A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essays A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essay A Guide To The Tibet Vacation Industry Tourism Essay The Tourism industry is originating at a really fast rate and now conveying down some of the most distant and astonishing topographic points on Earth, traveling to boundaries on travels that are psychological and geographical.Now a yearss a common adult male can come across the position of touristry, their is no more a luxury or simple sight seeing. Geographic appendages is named has the touristry systems are the agreement of people, topographic points and organisations in peculiar functions. Five common elements which are synergistic to environments are posed for many of the touristry systems. Tourism is besides called tourer section non merely made up of hotels, air hoses. Tourist section is described as a system of major constituent associated together in a familiar and interdependent relationship. Geographic elements in whole touristry systems acts as five elements.The five elements of touristry system are Traveller Generating Regions ( TGR ) , the Transit Routes ( TR ) and the Tourist Destination Regions ( TDR ) Tourism Industries and Tourist these have been likewise broken down them below the determine variours environments. Tourism growing can non be loosely understood unless the other elements, TGR and TR, every bit good as the environments act uponing in each part. What is Tourism The touristry really finding can be hard defined in many ways. Peoples going and remaining in topographic points off from their common envirnorment for non more than one consecutive twelvemonth for leisure, concern or other intents is called toursim. Tourism is a moral force and competitory industry that requires the power to ever adujust the clients changing demands and hopes for the client s satisfaction, the focal point of the touristry concern is safety and enjoyment of the clients. The different types of toursim are, Inbound touristry Out edge touristry Domestic touristry Inbound touristry: Inbound touristry is the international tourers sing to another state. Outbound touristry: The people going from our state to another state is called outbond touristry. Domestic touristry: The tourer travel with in the state is called domestic touristry. Harmonizing to Leiper the touristry can be defined as the theories and patterns for being a tourer. This affects going and sing topographic points for leisure-related purposes. Tourism consists of thoughts and feelings people hold which portion their decisions about traveling on activities, approximately where to travel and where non to travel and what to make or non to make about how to concern other tourers, locals and service forces. hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki.answers.com/Q/What_main_components_comprise_the_basic_whole_tourism_system This paper aims to analyze the touristry section in item and concentrate on how macro environment effects the section and brings approximately important alterations in the touristry section both positive and negative. The Tibet touristry section has been taken up for survey Thibet On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the southwest boundary line of China Tibet lies. Tibet lies on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the southwest boundary line of China. Tibet is called Roof of the World and its mean tallness of the part is more than 4,000 metres above sea degree. The highest extremum of Tibet, in Himalayas and in the whole universe is Everest Peak of height 8,846.27 metres above sea degree. Tibet has their ain alone civilization a portion of China. It is mojarly populated by Tibetans and mysterious people has a minority nationality of old. The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Jokhang Temple, and Buddhist sacred places are attracted by tourer. Tibet ( Xi Zang in Chinese ) is surrounded by Xin Jiang Uygur independent Region and Qing Hai Province to the South, Sichuan to the West, Yunnan to the Northwest and Nepal, India to the north.Different sort of civilization groups including Tibetan, Han, Monba and Lhota the population of Tibet is 2.3 million. Lhasa is the capital metropolis of Tibet. Assorted sorts of unusual and alone animate beings are present in Northwest of Tibet chiefly in Qing Hai tableland. In the northern country of Tibet animate beings like Equus caballus, yack and sheep move freely because of immense grasslands. In the east Tibet lowest vale of the universe, the Grand Yarlun-tzanpo river vale lies. Lamaism is followed by Tibetans exclusion of about 2,000 follows Islam and 600 follows Catholicism. In the earlier times Tibetan Buddhism was really much influnced by Indian Buddhism subsequently Tibetan Buddhism has extremely developed there ain typical qualities and patterns. They hav a belief that there is a life Buddha who is metempsychosis of the first foreigner to Chinese Buddhism. The tourer visit Tibet merely in warmest seasons becuase its is stop deading down cold most clip of the twelvemonth, so people visit in June, July, August and early September. How does the Tourism section operate? Tibet has many WATSs to see but it experiences in merely one manner. The Tibet travel leading of 9years has the trade name Tibet Travel Expert was which is a travel bureau from the tibet Tourism Bureau Shanghai Office and Shanghai Odyssey Travel on Himalaya circuit scope and escapade field. We have a passinate boosters of Tibet touristry since 1996 offering the professional and expertness service for the foreign tourers from resident of China. The trade name was basking its pride in China and overseas. In Lhasa Tibet Travel Expert Operator centre is a opertored by Shanghai as publicity centre and it is best land operator to Tibet. They offer How to use the Alien s Travel Permit Online engagements on Tibet circuit Planing for trip to Tibet Travel solution adviser service of Tibet Culture and faith Tourss offering a position of Tibetan nature Hiking and going Tourss offering facets of local people s life and actual natural state Outstanding landscape along Yunan-Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet, etc offered jaunt Tourss. In China at Birds observation, flowers watching and more Fieldss are geographic expedition Tourss. Many organisations are afflicated with the section of toursim The professional organistions that are linked with Tibet Tours and Travels to give good quality and service to clients. Department of Tourism, Majesty s Govt. of Nepal Registration No. is: R 585/056/57. Brikutimandap in Kathmandu is the base of touristry section. How does rank intends the clients: Tibet got blessing from the Govt. of Nepal to run as a travel bureau by following rigorous regulations and ordinances. Tourism is supervised and sacrifises the licence for any harm to the touristry industry or harmful to authorities. By this it provides good sevices and caring attack towards our clients. Tourism Board of Nepal: For the publicity of touristry in Nepal board is set up and 2 % of gross is added from all the members. What this rank means to our clients: Promotional activities attempted from clip to clip otherwise it would be difficult and expansive. Tourist can be acessed with information and to take portion in several menus and cultural events organised by the NTB. Nepal Association of Tour and Travel Agents ( NATTA ) : To publicize its growing and development, safeguard the tourer from development by undependable agents and to protect the travel trade concern this organisation is established in 1996. NATTA is chief representative of touristry industry. Pacific Asia Travel Association ( PATA ) : PATA is a authorization on Pacfic Asia travel and touristry found in 1951. The conventional function of the merchandise development and selling support for the finishs strategical endeavors for the long-run verve of the industry. What this rank means to our clients: PATA is prestige symbol but it besides assists in constructing confidence between the travel trade members and the general tourist.To strengthen quality and services rank should hold its ain set of regulations, guidelines and norms. Japan Association of Travel Agents ( JATA ) ( To prize and continue irreplaceable nature, valued resources and cultural assets, to protect our Earth for following coevals is JATA s principal. What this rank means to our clients: To the members of JATA the ends are charm heterosexual to the bosom and heads. ( Members purely adhere to its ends becuase it is a esteemed organisation. Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim are pleasant parts. Animal, works, and good natural beauty should be protect in which our hereafter lies. To protect the beautiful Earth costomer should presevre and care. What Can I see in Tibet ( There is no manner to depict the cryptic province of Tibet simple words and Tibet is merely called has Shangri La, or The Rooftop of the World . ( Tibet is a amazing topographic point where the adult male made and natural topographic points are breathtaking, people of Tibet smiling more comparison to the remainder universe. There is lengendary thing that people of Tibet welcomes the visitants with a unfastened weaponries and with a cordial reception. One can acquire a ocular dainty of the followers in Tibet Lhasa s Potala Palace Tibetan political relations are of the traditional place to the Dalai Lama and the traditional centre. Jokhang Temple Golden roofs in a four narrative composite. The whole composite is viewed from the Centre of the temple s square. Barkhor Street Bowing down themselves on the land and walking twenty-four hours and dark opportunity in a clockwise way whirling supplication wheels Piligrims appears. Drepung Monastry In Tibet the most impressive and most importantreligious abode. Thangka pictures ( These are Tibetan coil painting signifier, Buddhist pictures and these are celebrated for centuries. And assorted facets of Tibetan civilization Macro Environment ( All factors that determine an organisation included by the macro environment are out of its direct control. The continous alteration of environment should be adustable to the company. In the markets there may be fast turning competition. The menace of replacement merchandises and new entrants is agencies toward the globalisation. The merchandise means in environment is the more you pay for alters in political relations, civilization, engineering and economic sciences. The rate of growing in Tourism industry is really fast. ( For People s nucleus beliefs or values changes the cultural.All play a portion in determining one s civilization in how people show themselves, others, organisations, society, nature. When companies working in the market topographic point should take some rules under circumstance. Laws, regulations, and authorities policies dertemined or bound serval companies or organisations in market prevarications under the political environment. For the good society authorities frames bounds and ordinances guaranting that they hav free and just markets. New markets and new Oppurtunities for concern is created by new technolgy. New engineering stands top by giving importance to old and immature for the concern. The companies should update the merchandises and services so that they wont miss the chances and markets that engineering brings. In visible radiation of Tibet s touristry the following airs a menace of which the touristry section has no control over. One of them is come ining Tibet via Nepal Particularly they affect independent travel by the T.A.R. efficaciously changed following some perturbations are the regulations for going to Lhasa in April 2007 and in May 2007. The state of affairs is volatile and changeable.Basically, regulations that have been happening and effectives in suspension for old ages have been applied once more, so that travellers on to the full organizing Autonomous Region Tourss are the lone 1s officially allows to come in the T.A.R. T.A.R. standing for Tibetan. Tourism as the constructs of terrorist act, political convulsion, and war appear misrelated. ( By examing thier point of intersection and affects on touristry discloses. By examing the paper literature concentrating on the relationships between these developments. There would be impact of terrorist and political imbalance, demands of terrorists in taking tourers, utilizing touristry as a political tool this effects of political force on finish image, occassion direction, and recovery selling attempts.For the hereafter research suggestions are the purpose of this article is to synthesise research on these relationships to demo a comprehensive index of applicabe publications. Market Mix Definition Merchandise, monetary value, topographic point and publicity are the planned mix of the governable elements of merchandises marketing program. While bring forthing optimal income, these elements are attuned until a right merger is found that serves the demands of the merchandise s clients. Sometime s presentation is substituted in topographic point of the first P ( merchandise ) After Neil H. Borden published his 1964 article the term selling mix became popularized.The Concept of the Marketing Mix. James Culliton had described the selling director as a sociable of ingredient after that Borden began utilizing the term in his instruction in the late 1940 s merchandise planning, pricing, stigmatization, distribution channels, personal merchandising, advertisement, publicities, packaging, show, service, physical handling, and fact determination and analysis are the ingredients in Borden s selling mix which are included. These four classs were grouped together by E. Jerome McCarthy The Marketing Mix ( The internal and external restraints of the selling environment is the topic of the four P s are the parametric quantities controls the selling director. ( Targeting to bring forth a positive response and to make a perceived value, makes determinations that centre fourP s on the client. Merchandise Decisions. The Tangible is reffered by the term merchandise , strong arm merchandises every bit good as services. ( Examples for theproduct determinations are Brand name Functionalityl Styling Safety Boxing Repairs and Support Guarantee Monetary value Decisions The followers are some of the countries where pricing determinations can be made Pricing scheme ( skim, incursion, et degree Celsius. ) Suggested retail monetary value volume price reductions and sweeping pricing Cash and early payment price reductions Seasonal pricing Bundling Price flexibleness cubic decimeter Monetary value favoritism Distribution ( Place ) Decisions Distribution is the procedure of reassigning the merchandises to the clients. The distribution determinations can be made in the undermentioned countries. Distribution channels Market coverage ( inclusive, selective, or sole distribu ion ) Specific channel members Inventory direction Warehousing Distribution Centres Order processing Transportation system Reverse logistics Promotion Decisions In selling of any merchandise, the publicity of the merchandise plays a major function in acquiring a positive response from the client. The publicity of the merchandise can include assorted facets related to the information about the merchandise. Some of the communicating determinations that can be implemented in selling L Promotional scheme ( push, pull, et. ) Ad Personal merchandising A ; gross revenues force Gross saless publicities Public dealingss A ; publi ity Marketing communications budget Restrictions of the Marketing Mix Framework The selling mix model was really advantageous in the initial phases of selling construct, where the major part of economic system was represented by physical merchandises. Soon, selling is being given the highest precedence by most of the organisations as there is a wider scope of merchandises and market. Some of the writers have tried to spread out the benifites of the selling hole model by adding the 5th P such as packaging, people, procedure etc. In the current market, the selling mix is still remains to be based on the 4 P s. Although this model has its ain limitaions, it is still being widely used because of its simpleness. Besides, it has stood as the foundation for many selling text editions. The Tourism Product Marketing Mix The error which has been made by many little concerns is specifying marketing every bit merely a agency of publicity and advertisement. But in world, Selling is such a immense construct that can be applied to every sector including the touristry concern. The whole intent of selling is to do the clients buy the merchandise by fulfilling them with the services of the product.The selling can be done in an effectual manner by cognizing the demands of the client and the agencies to supply them. The majpority of the merchandises in the market have been catogorised into four wide countries in the Marketing Mix.The most common definition for the Marketing Mix is given by the four Ps ( Product, Price, Promotion, and Place ) . As touristry merchandise Marketing Mix includes primary services in add-on to the traditional, three other countries of some peculiar importance are required. The most apt nature of the touristry merchandise is illustrated in the undermentioned illustration: Explanation: Any scheduled flight will will follow the going and arrival timings whether the flight is half filled or full to its capacity. After the takeoff of the plane the left out seats are considered as The people who come to see the Western Cape will come to see the civilization and heritage of the state and other topographic points. As accomadation is an of import component in the visit, by happening out the right ways of pulling the tourers, the experience can be made better for the visitants. Every person wishes to see more than one topographic point due to several reasons.But a visit depends upon the topographic point which is in the top topographic point in the list and the experience which he derives by sing it. A individual decides his holiday trip based on the followers Vacations: Long trips off from place lasting for a continuance of 1 month Interruptions: Trips off from place lasting for a continuance of 1-4 hebdomads Short Interruptions: Quick refreshments to a really close topographic point Explanation: Factors which affect the individual s determinations Outgo Time available Number of household menbers Interest in the topographic point Percept of experience Asingle adult female who is making a high force per unit area occupation can look for particular trades on weekend.So, by get offing her, the particular priced accomadations can easy catch her attending and motivate her to book for it. The challenge faced by touristry sellers is to give the right triggers to the right visitants at the right clip. Review harmonizing to the China economic system March 2, 2010: A The touristry Revenue in Tibet have undegone 6 % addition with at least a 4 % rise in tourer reachings during the 10-day Tibetan new twelvemonth vacation harmonizing to the regional touristry authorization. It has been estimated that atleast 115,487 tourers might hold visited the Tibet Autonomous Region in southwest China from Feb. 13 to 22, with a rate of addition at 4.3 % from the same period last twelvemonth. This in a imperativeness release from the regional touristry administration.A Harmonizing to the same release, it was reported that the vacation travel haste brought in $ 11.7 million US dollars of touristry income over the 10 yearss, up 6 % year-on-year.A An norm of 2000 tourers have become a portion of Himalayan folk civilization festival to observe the Tibetan Year of Iron Tiger and the Chinese New Year on Feb. 14. A Harmonizing to the touristry dept The Tibetan tourer functionaries were sensible plenty in puting their marks for the twelvemonth 2007. They have decided to increase the occupation opportunitites for local people and local train circuit guides.In add-on, they took appropriate steps for the development of the rural touristry which is poplular in India, South Africa and China. It is estimated that the rural touristry will derive a net income of 435 million US dollars throughout the twelvemonth. This can be achieved by welcoming atleeast 3 million foreign tourers and besides, by promoting the locals to pass more. The success of the system is based upon three factors. The first two factors depend upon the completion of the undertakings that were constructed last twelvemonth and the 3rd component lies in the statistics of the old old ages. The recent old ages have shown a consistent addition in the figure of visitants to Tibet, but in the twelvemonth 2006, there has been an outstanding addition by 29 % . Throughout the universe, Tibet is known for its utmost beauty with universe s largest mountains, civilization and its green landscape. Even the Namco, the worls d largest salt H2O lake is said to hold the power of mending the sorrows and strivings of the tourers. The ground behind the sudden reaching of people to Tibet in the last twelvemonth is because of the gap of the Qinghai-Tibet railroad. Air passages and roadways were the lone agencies of conveyance for the people of China and other neighboring states to this part before its gap. This railways has provided the cheapest and safest tranport means to this topographic point. The official gap of the Tibet 3rd airdrome took topographic point after a few months subsequently. The above statistics show that Marketing mix has been has been done truly good and the the touristry industry is a roar in Tibet despite certain political state of affairss Topographic point Distribution: It is meant that how good you can advance your merchandise in the market. It is divided into two chief sectors as: Direct Distribution: Here the industry will manage and pull off the full touristry merchandise to the market. For case, you might necessitate some personal merchandising accomplishments if you are seeking to pull attending to the concern for an airdrome transportation shuttle company. You may run into some latent clients in their offices in such instances. Indirect Distribution: Here, the industry may non make the market by some direct agencies. For case, you may pull some touristry agency and authorization and they ll be doing engagements for you. Hey might besides set some latent clients to hold a contact with you straight. Procedure: Assorted methods are used in order to run a touristry concern. For case, preparation, planning, disposal, buying, recruiting and presenting the service. One should do certain about the methods are pre- planned absolutely and in a proper manner, so that the functionalities go through really swimmingly. Anyhow, the jobs should be solved instantly. For illustration, a eating house ever requires an well-organized dorsum and forepart office so that the clients should non experience uncomfortable and provided the convenience should be there for the clients. The service bringing is affected by the turnover of the eating house, staff civilization, distributers, providers, ill foliages. In order to supply the best service one should do certain that all the methods are implemented in an appropriate and in a proper manner. Peoples: In the concern of touristry, the service contributes to a major portion of the merchandise offering. Service is one of the countries in which the touristry can make good. So, the service is a really critical component for the publicity of the touristry industry. The service can be made effectual by guaranting the staff covering with the clients and first-class client service. Internal selling is the pattern of marketing one s ain concern through the employees in the organisation. It is normally practiced in many service oriented organisations. It is important to guarantee that the staff are committed to the company and its policies. In order to transport out the concern in the right manner, the staff should be familiar with the ends and aims of the concerns. The professionalism in the staff can be increased by giving a better preparation and wagess for the deserving campaigners. Regular treatments should be made with the staff in order to convey out the betterments in the merchandises. Physical grounds: The physical grounds of a touristry merchandise depends upon the quality and scope of operations. Tangibalising the merchandise is one of the best ways of giving positive hints to the clients. For illustration, if a shuttle service is runned by some company, so it is really of import to keep the vehicles clean at all times. Elementss like quality, decor, layout and milieus are really of import for the publicity of the merchandise. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tibet-travels.com/professional-affiliations.php hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tibet-tour.com/tibet/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinaodysseytours.com/Tibet/what-to-see.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gobackpacking.com/Blog/2007/08/02/the-challenges-of-entering-tibet-from-nepal/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B6V7Y-3TGNGWS-7 A ; _user=10 A ; _coverDate=04 % 2F30 % 2F1998 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=search A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _searchStrId=1239933936 A ; _rerunOrigin=google A ; _acct=C000050221 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=10 A ; md5=7f6d00bfaefc7e8451a4af802bd5c5e2 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinaeconomicreview.com/china-eye/2010_03_02/Tibet_tourism_looking_better.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tourism-review.com/article/150-tibet-strives-for-3-million-tourists

Why did the 2007 financial crisis spread so quickly and so far Essay

Why did the 2007 financial crisis spread so quickly and so far - Essay Example The crisis also led to the global recession in 2008 following its effects on international trade (Acharya & Matthew, 2009). The financial crisis is believed to be as a result of increased values of securities related to the United States of Americas in the stock market. The increase on the securities was as a result of the housing bubble which reached its optimum in 2006, affecting many financial institutions worldwide. Therefore, the crisis was a result of a complicated interplay between policies that enabled home ownership through the provision of cheaper loans to potential home buyers. Subprime mortgages were hence overvalued based on the presumption that real estate prices would continue to escalate. The global stock markets suffered heavily when real estate securities suffered large losses as a result of declining credit availability and dented investor confidence. Most economies globally slowed down during this period as a result of credit unavailability and a decline in international trade (Caballero, Pierre-Olivier & Emmanuel, 2008). The financial crisis was primarily an internal problem in the United States of America. The crisis began as a subprime crisis in the country in 2007 and spread over to other advanced countries. The crisis commenced with an enormous real estate asset bubble. Housing prices dramatically escalated in the United States with mortgage rates lower than normal mainly because of the Federal Reserve lowering the federal funds. Federal funds are the rate at which financial institutions lend each other overnight (Ely, 2009). In order to avoid losses, mortgage lenders have traditionally been very strict in scrutinizing the eligibility of a citizen in terms of repaying the loan. However, this did not happen in the United States of America when there was widespread securitization. Securitization allowed banks to lend mortgage loans to many jobless individuals with no income or assets at all. Loan regulators also authorized

Human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human resources management - Essay Example The human resource officials the mandate to ensure that diversity at the work place is well managed and utilized to achieve organizations goals and objectives(Joshi & Jackson, 2008). Actually, diversity at the work place if utilized well, it will see number of experiences and abilities put in place to solve organizations problems in a myriad ways. Thus, this is likely to bring about services that are much more all-inclusive in the process since almost different groups of customers will be represented in the workforce. A number of issues are associated with the management of diversity for human resource personnel. To begin with, the human resource officer has to ensure that they have attracted different kinds of workers with diversity to apply (Shen, Chanda, D’Netto, & Monga, 2009). The human resource manager has to ensure that description of a job is not discriminatory to any group that may be intending to work in that institution. Instead, it should be designed in a way to show that it welcomes everybody irrespective of his or her race, experience, age or even gender. Secondly one of the issues that manager has to deal with is ensuring that the recruitment process effectively targets the diverse groups. The recruitment process should ensure that it has gotten all the types of people that it needs to achieve its goals and objectives. Lastly, the human resource office has to deal with the potential biasness in the recruitment process. According to Podsiadlowski, Grà ¶schke, Kogler, Springer, & van der Zee,(2013) ignoring diversity has more harm to the organization than good. For instance, the issue can cost an organization a lot of time, efficiency and money. For instance, it will take more time for members of an organization to integrate out the requirements of the human resource office. This would not be the case if the officer understands the differences and

I predict that the juice will have at least 2 Essay Example for Free

I predict that the juice will have at least 2 Essay I predict that the juice will have at least 2 or more of the same amino acids as the ones in the amino acid mix. I predict that the amino acid more likely to occur is aspartic acid, as lemon juice is acidic. Method We first extract some lemon juice from a lemon. Cut the lemon around the equator and squeeze it with a juicer.   Pour the juice into six tubes at approximately the same level each. Place the tubes in a beaker and weigh them (remembering to tare the beaker first). Make pairs of tubes of equal mass by adding or taking out juice with a clean pipette) and place them opposite each other in the centrifuge and set it to run for 5 minutes. After centrifuging the juice, pour all the supernatant into a beaker and wash out the solid precipitate from the tubes.   Take 2 samples of the raw centrifuged juice in tubes, label and put them away.   Add alcohol to the remaining juice with the ratio of 1:3 (1unit of juice to 3 units of alcohol).   Centrifuge the juice + alcohol after weighing out pairs of equal mass in the tubes again. Pour the supernatant into a beaker and take 2 samples if the juice + alcohol, label them and put them in a beaker to be put away. Results of centrifuged juice: Pair no. Mass of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 7. 85g 7. 85g 1,7 2 9. 82g 9. 82g 12,6 3 7. 20g 7. 23g 8,2 Results of centrifuged juice + alcohol: Pair no. Mass of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 10. 29 g 10. 29g 12,6 2 7. 32 g 7. 32 g 1,7 3 7. 69 g 7. 68 g 8,2 Making the chromatogram Before you begin spotting the chromatogram, you should:   Wash your hands (sweat contains amino acids)   Hold paper at edges. Place paper on two clean sheets of file paper   Only use pencil for markings on the paper Use a micropipette to spot the various substances on the chromatogram. They should be in the following order: Juice, Juice + Alcohol, Amino acid mix, Asp, Leu, Lys, Pro. We can now spot these substances onto the chromatogram. Dip the micropipette into a substance and touch the paper 5 times on the same spot, waiting a few seconds after each touch. However when spotting the juice + alcohol, the paper must be touched 7 times instead of 5 (Make sure to use the same micropipette for each component). After spotting all the substances, put the chromatogram onto a frame along with all the other chromatograms and place the frame into the fume cupboard and into the solution for the chromatography to take place. After chromatography had taken place:   Carefully remove chromatograms from the frame.   Spray with ninhydrin and then supply with heat for the reaction between the amino acids and the ninhydrin to take place, causing the colorless amino acids to show up in a certain color. Put an x in the darkest region of color for each substance and outline the entire regions of color too. Measure the distance between the origin and the solvent front, and the distances between the origin and the top, bottom and darkest region of each amino acid. With these measurements, calculate the Rf Values. My Rf Values: Rf ? Distance moved by component from origin Distance moved by solvent front from origin The order of calculations go up the chromatogram, h Therefore the 1st amino acid (aa) will be the one closest to the origin for that particular substance. Diagram of chromatogram in frame: Evaluation The amino acid found in the lemon juice was Aspartic acid, this supports my hypothesis. We can prove this because the x on the aspartic acid and the x on the 2nd amino acid in the juice are aligned, and so have traveled approximately the same distance from the origin, hence telling us that they must be the same amino acids. There is one other amino acid in the juice that we cannot identify using my chromatogram as it was not present in the amino acid mix. The spot did not align with any other spot on the chromatogram, and so showing that it is a different amino acid to the ones present. Not all the spots were the same size; some were a lot bigger. This could have been caused by too much of that substance being spotted onto the chromatogram, and so causing the amino acid to spread too much. After chromatography had taken place, the chromatogram was sprayed with ninhydrin and then heated. When a certain temperature is reached, a sudden reaction occurs between the ninhydrin and amino acids, causing each amino acid to give out a particular color. This reaction is helpful in making the amino acids visible to the naked eye. Because of the large spread of some amino acids, we end up with a large spread of color. This makes it difficult to determine the exact darkest region of that color, and so may cause the results to be slightly inaccurate. An example of this is with Leucine. I may have added too much Leu onto the chromatogram, causing it to spread quite largely, resulting in a large purple spot. I had marked what I thought was the darkest region of the spot with an x. However that mark was aligned with the mark for Pro and so indicating that they are the same amino acid. This is impossible, but may have been caused by either: Misinterpreting the darkest region of the spot (marking the wrong place) Accidentally using the same micropipette for two substances It would make more sense if the mark on the spot for Leu was closer to the top of the spot, where it would be aligned to one of the spots in the amino acid mix. The 1st amino acid spot for the juice had a smaller spot within it. The smaller spot even showed up as a different color to that of the larger spot, so it must be just another amino acid, not present in the amino acid mix. I could have improved this experiment by making sure that I do not add too much of a substance onto the chromatogram, by getting a second opinion on whether I had marked the darkest region of a spot or not and/or by using a wider variety of amino acids to identify the other amino acids in the juice which do not align with any others.

General Behavioral Characterization of Proximity Malware

General Behavioral Characterization of Proximity Malware CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION GENERAL A delay-tolerant network is anetworkdesigned to operate effectively over extreme distances such as those encountered in space communications or on an interplanetary scale. In such an environment, longlatency sometimes measured in hours or days is inevitable. The popularity of mobile consumer electronics, like laptop computers, PDAs, and more recently and prominently, smart phones, revives the delay-tolerant-network (DTN) model as an alternative to the traditional infrastructure model. The widespread adoption of these devices, coupled with strong economic incentives, induces a class of malware that specifically targets DTNs. We call this class of malware proximity malware. Proximity malware based on the DTN model brings unique security challenges that are not present in the infrastructure model. In the infrastructure model, the cellular carrier centrally monitors networks for abnormalities moreover the resource scarcity of individual nodes limits the rate of malware propagation. A pr erequisite to defending against proximity malware is to detect it. In this paper, we consider a general behavioral characterization of proximity malware. Behavioral characterization, in terms of system call and program flow, has been previously proposed as an effective alternative to pattern matching for malware detection. In our model, malware-infected nodes behaviors are observed by others during their multiple opportunistic encounters: Individual observations may be imperfect, but abnormal behaviors of infected nodes are identifiable in the long-run. OBJECTIVE Network is the combination of Nodes. Each node will communicate with its neighbors and share their data. If a node is affected by a malware it’s necessary to clear it else its neighbors will communicate with it and they also affected by malware. Hence detection of malware is important. Here we discuss some methods for the detection of malware. EXISTING SYSTEM Previous researches quantify the threat of proximity malware attack and demonstrate the possibility of launching such an attack, which is confirmed by recent reports on hijacking hotel Wi-Fi hotspots for drive-by malware attack. With the adoption of new short-range communication technologies such as NFC and Wi-Fi Direct that facilitate spontaneous bulk data transfer between spatially proximate mobile devices, the threat of proximity malware is becoming more realistic and relevant than ever. Proximity malware based on the DTN model brings unique security challenges that are not present in the model. EXISTING SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES Central monitoring and resource limits are absent in the DTN model. Very risk to collecting evidence and also having insufficient evidence. It is filter the false evidence in sequentially and distributed. 1.3.2. LITERATURE SURVEY LITERATURE SURVEY Title:  An Optimal Distributed Malware Defense System for Mobile Networks with Heterogeneous Devices Author: Yong Li, Pan Hui Year: 2011 Description: Consider a mobile network where a portion of the nodes are infected by malware. Our research problem is to deploy an efficient defense system to help the infected nodes to recover and prevent the healthy nodes from further infection. Typically, we should disseminate the content-based signatures of known malware to as many nodes as possible. The signature is obtained by using algorithms such as an MD5 hash over the malware content, and they are used by the mobile devices to detect various patterns in the malware and then to disable further propagation. Therefore, distributing these signatures into the whole network while avoiding unnecessary redundancy is our optimization goal. Title: On Modeling Malware Propagation in Generalized Social Networks Author: Shin-Ming Cheng Year : 2011 Description: This article proposes a novel analytical model to efficiently analyze the speed and severity for spreading the hybrid malware such as Commwarrior that targets multimedia messaging service (MMS) and BT. Validation against conducted simulation experiments reveals that our model developed from the Susceptible-Infected (SI) model in epidemiology accurately Approximates mixed spreading behaviors in large areas without the huge computational cost, which helps estimate the damages caused by the hybrid malware and aids in the development of detection and containment processes. Title: Scalable, Behavior-Based Malware Clustering Author: Ulrich Bayer Year : 2009 Description: In this research, we propose a scalable clustering approach to identify and group malware samples that exhibit similar behavior. For this, we first perform dynamic analysis to obtain the execution traces of malware programs. These execution traces are then generalized into behavioral profiles, which characterize the activity of a program in more abstract terms. The profiles serve as input to an efficient clustering algorithm that allows us to handle sample sets that are an order of magnitude larger than previous approaches. We have applied our system to real-world malware collections. The results demonstrate that our technique is able to recognize and group malware programs that behave similarly, achieving a better precision than previous approaches. To underline the scalability of the system, we clustered a set of more than 75 thousand samples in less than three hours. Title: Self-Policing Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks by Reputation Systems Author: Sonja Buchegger Year : 2005 Description: Node misbehavior due to selfish or malicious reasons or faulty nodes can significantly degrade the performance of mobile ad-hoc networks. To cope with misbehavior in such self-organized networks, nodes need to be able to automatically adapt their strategy to changing levels of cooperation. Existing approaches such as economic incentives or secure routing by cryptography alleviate some of the problems, but not all. We describe the use of a self-policing mechanism based on reputation to enable mobile ad-hoc networks to keep functioning despite the presence of misbehaving nodes. The reputation system in all nodes makes them detect misbehavior locally by observation and use of second-hand information. Once a misbehaving node is detected it is automatically isolated from the network. We classify the features of such reputation systems and describe possible implementations of each of them. We explain in particular how it is possible to use second-hand information while mitigat ing contamination by spurious ratings. Title: The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks Author: Sepandar D. Kamvar, Mario T. Schlosser Year : 2003 Description: Peer-to-peer file-sharing networks are currently receiving much attention as a means of sharing and distributing information. However, as recent experience shows, the anonymous, open nature of these networks offers an almost ideal environment for the spread of Self-replicating inauthentic files. We describe an algorithm to decrease the number of downloads of inauthentic files in a peer-to-peer file-sharing network that assigns each peer a unique global trust value, based on the peer’s history of uploads. We present a distributed and secure method to compute global trust values, based on Power iteration. By having peers use these global trust values to choose the peers from whom they download, the network effectively identifies malicious peers and isolates them from the network. In simulations, this reputation system, called EigenTrust, has been shown to significantly decrease the number of inauthentic files on the network, even under a variety of conditions where malicious peers cooperate in an attempt to deliberately subvert the system. Title: When Gossip is Good: Distributed Probabilistic Inference for Detection of Slow Network Intrusions Author: Denver Dash, Branislav Kveton Year : 2006 Description: Intrusion attempts due to self-propagating code are becoming an increasingly urgent problem, in part due to the homogeneous makeup of the internet. Recent advances in anomaly based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have made use of the quickly spreading nature of these attacks to identify them with high sensitivity and at low false positive (FP) rates. However, slowly propagating attacks are much more difficult to detect because they are cloaked under the veil of normal network traffic, yet can be just as dangerous due to their exponential spread pattern. We extend the idea of using collaborative IDSs to corroborate the likelihood of attack by imbuing end hosts with probabilistic graphical models and using random messaging to gossip state among peer detectors. We show that such a system is able to boost a weak anomaly Detector D to detect an order-of-magnitude slower worm, at false positive rates less than a few per week, than would be possible using D alone at the end-host or on a network aggregation point. Title: A Preliminary Investigation of Worm Infections in a Bluetooth Environment Author: Jing Su, Kelvin K. W. Chan Year : 2006 Description: Over the past year, there have been several reports of malicious code exploiting vulnerabilities in the Bluetooth protocol. While the research community has started to investigate a diverse set of Bluetooth security issues, little is known about the feasibility and the propagation dynamics of a worm in a Bluetooth environment. This paper is an initial attempt to remedy this situation. We start by showing that the Bluetooth protocol design and implementation is large and complex. We gather traces and we use controlled experiments to investigate whether a large-scale Bluetooth worm outbreak is viable today. Our data shows that starting a Bluetooth worm infection is easy, once vulnerability is discovered. Finally, we use trace-drive simulations to examine the propagation dynamics of Bluetooth worms. We find that Bluetooth worms can infect a large population of vulnerable devices relatively quickly, in just a few days. Title: An adaptive anomaly detector for worm detection Author: John Mark Agosta, Carlos Diuk-Wasser Year : 2007 Description: We present an adaptive end-host anomaly detector where a supervised classifier trained as a traffic predictor is used to control a time-varying detection threshold. Training and testing it on real traffic traces collected from a number of end-hosts, we show our detector dominates an existing fixed threshold detector. This comparison is robust to the choice of off-the-shelf classifier employed, and to a variety of performance criteria: the predictor’s error rate, the reduction in the â€Å"threshold gap† and the ability to detect the simulated threat of incremental worm traffic added to the traces. This detector is intended as a part of a distributed worm detection system that infers system-wide threats from end-host detections, thereby avoiding the sensing and resource limitations of conventional centralized systems. The distributed system places a constraint on this end host detector to appear consistent over time and machine variability. Title: CPMC: An Efficient Proximity Malware Coping Scheme in Smartphone-based Mobile Networks Author: Feng Li, Yinying Yang Year : 2010 Description: Many emerging malware can utilize the proximity of devices to propagate in a distributed manner, thus remaining unobserved and making detections substantially more challenging. Different from existing malware coping schemes, which are either totally centralized or purely distributed, we propose a Community-based Proximity Malware Coping scheme, CPMC. CPMC utilizes the social community structure, which reflects a stable and controllable granularity of security, in smart phone-based mobile networks. The CPMC scheme integrates short-term coping components, which deal with individual malware and long-term evaluation components, which offer vulnerability evaluation towards individual nodes. A closeness-oriented delegation forwarding scheme combined with a community level quarantine method is proposed as the short-term coping components. These components contain a proximity malware by quickly propagating the signature of a detected malware into all communities while avoiding u nnecessary redundancy. PROPOSED SYSTEM Behavioral characterization, in terms of system call and program flow, has been previously proposed as an effective alternative to pattern matching for malware detection. In our model, malware-infected nodes’ behaviors are observed by others during their multiple opportunistic encounters: Individual observations may be imperfect, but abnormal behaviors of infected nodes are identifiable in the long-run. We identify challenges for extending Bayesian malware detection to DTNs, and propose a simple yet effective method, look-ahead, to address the challenges. Furthermore, we propose two extensions to look-ahead, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, to address the challenge of â€Å"malicious nodes sharing false evidence†. PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES Real mobile network traces are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The proposed evidence consolidation strategies in minimizing the negative impact of liars on the shared evidence’s quality. It is used to identify the abnormal behaviors of infected nodes in the long-run. . CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1. GENERAL We analyze the problem of behavioral characterization of malware nodes in Delay Tolerant Network efficiently without affecting network performance. 2.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION Proximity malware is a malicious program that disrupts the host node’s normal function and has a chance of duplicating itself to other nodes during (opportunistic) contact opportunities between nodes in the DTN. When duplication occurs, the other node is infected with the malware. We present a general behavioral characterization of proximity malware, which captures the functional but imperfect nature in detecting proximity malware. Under the behavioral malware characterization, and with a simple cut-off malware containment strategy, we formulate the malware detection process as a distributed decision problem. We analyze the risk associated with the decision, and design a simple, yet effective, strategy, look-ahead, which naturally reflects individual nodes’ intrinsic risk inclinations against malware infection. We present two alternative techniques, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, that naturally extend look-ahead to consolidate evidence provided by others, w hile containing the negative effect of false evidence. A nice property of the proposed evidence consolidation methods is that the results will not worsen even if liars are the majority in the neighborhood 2.3. METHODOLOGIES Methodologies are the process of analyzing the principles or procedure for behavioral characterizing of node with two methods, dogmatic filtering and adaptive look-ahead, for consolidating evidence provided by other nodes, while containing the negative impact of liars in delay tolerant network. 2.3.1. MODULES Authentication Network Nodes Malware Detection Evidence Analysis Evil Node Revocation 2.3.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION Authentication If you are the new user going to consume the service then they have to register first by providing necessary details. After successful completion of sign up process, the user has to login into the application by providing username and exact password. The user has to provide exact username and password which was provided at the time of registration, if login success means it will take up to main page else it will remain in the login page itself.. Network Nodes Under this module, the network nodes which are interconnected by local area network, that node ip address will be fetched in order to share the resources among the network. As well as the performance of individual system have been analyzed to assess the behavior Malware Detection Malware detection module helps to identify the evil node which is affected by malware program Evidence Analysis This module used to investigate about evidences of nodes by collecting assessments before a normal node get affected by malware program. Evidence aging process helps to discard outdated assessments of a node and evidence consolidation helps to filter negative assessments of a node provided by the other nodes. Evil Node Revocation After detection of evil node, we need to drop the communication with that in order to prevent from malware spreading and the evil node details are transferred to database for further reference. Finally evil node gets revoked from the network computer list. 2.3.3. MODULE DIAGRAM: Authentication Network Nodes Malware Detection Evidence Analysis Evil Node Revocation 2.3.4. GIVEN INPUT EXPECTED OUTPUT AUTHENTICATION Input: Give username and password Output: Allow to your personal details NETWORK NODES Input: Connect to network Output: Communicate between client server MALWAER DETECTION Input: Transfer your file to another node Output: Identifying malicious node EVIDENCE ANALYSES Input: Communicate with other node before affect by malware node then collect evidences Output: Showing all evidence analysis report EVIL NODE REVOCATION Input: Communication with malware node till collect full evidences Output: Malware node has been removed 2.4. TECHNIQUE USED Dogmatic filtering Dogmatic filtering is based on the observation that one’s own assessments are truthful and therefore, can be used to bootstrap the evidence consolidation process. A node shall only accept evidence that will not sway its current opinion too much. We call this observation the dogmatic principle. Adaptive look-ahead Adaptive look ahead takes a different approach towards evidence consolidation. Instead of deciding whether to use the evidence provided by others directly in the cut-off decision, adaptive look ahead indirectly uses the evidence by adapting the steps to look ahead to the diversity of opinion.