Multiplier and Accelerator Theory Essay

Multiplier and accelerator theory The Keynesians, have offered a demand side explanation of the business cycle. According to them, the fluctuations in output and employment in the country are caused by fluctuations in aggregate demand. The ups and downs in aggregate demand are caused by changes in the volume of investment. The volume of investment is directly related to the marginal efficiency of capital. The investment increases in response to higher marginal efficiency of capital and decreases with the fall in the profit expectations of the entrepreneurs. The Keynesians further put forward the theory of multiplier which shows how the increase or decrease in investment causes multiplied changes in income and employment and thus heightens a boom or deepens a depression. The Keynesians failed as they did not explain the cyclical nature of the ups and downs in business cycle. J. R. Hicks and Professor Samuelson put forward a new theory of business cycle named as Multiplier and Accelerator Theory of business cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Multiplier and Accelerator Theory†¨According to J. R. Hicks and Samuelson, the multiplier alone cannot explain the cyclical nature of the business cycle. It is the interaction between the multiplier and accelerator that explains the emergence of different phases of business cycle. The multiplier tells us that a change in the level of autonomous investment brings about a relatively greater change in the level of national income. The accelerator theory states that the current investment spending depends positively on the expected future growth of real GDP. When real GDP growth is expected to be high, firms anticipate that their investment in plants and equipment will be profitable. They, therefore, increase their total investment spending.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨The concept of accelerator is not rival to the concept of multiplier. They are parallel concepts. The multiplier shows the effect of changes in autonomous investment to changes in income’ and employment. The accelerator shows the effect of changes in income to changes in induced investment. Professor Samuelson and J. R. Hicks model of multiplier accelerator offers quite satisfactory explanation of explaining turning points to business cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Interactive role of multiplier and accelerator.†¨The multiplier-accelerator interaction theory of business cycle is explained now in brief. Let us assume a certain amount of autonomous investment is injected into the economy. This would generate an expansion of income many  times greater than itself on account of the operation of the multiplier mechanism. The increase in income would lead to rise in demand for consumer goods. The increase in demand for consumer goods induces more investment in the capital goods industries. The increase in investment would be much more than the increase in demand for consumer goods owing to the operation of the accelerator. The interaction of the multiplier and accelerator sets in the upswing of the trade cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨The rise in income and employment does not continue for a long time. The rise in income and employment progressively slows down. The reason is that the marginal propensity to consume starts declining with the rise in income in the upward swing of the business cycle. A decrease in consumption would result into a greater decrease in investment on account of reverse working of the accelerator A decrease in investment would lead to a greater decrease in income on account of the reverse working of the multiplier In short the combination of reverse working of the accelerator and multiplier sets in downward swing in the business cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Interactive role of multiplier and accelerator†¨ †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ala = Increase in autonomous – investment†¨Ala = Increase in autonomous investment†¨Ay = Increase in income†¨Aid = Increase in induced investment †¨v = Size of the accelerator

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B. Tech. (Third Semester) Automobile Engg. HUM-201E: Basics of Economics and Management Sessional Theory Total Duration :50 marks :100 marks : 150 marks : 3 hours Unit-I Meaning of Industrial Economic, production function, its types, least cost combination, law of variable proportion, law of returns; increasing, constant & Diminishing. Fixed & variable costs in short run & long run, opportunity costs, relation between AC & MC. U-shaped short run AC curve.Price & output determination under monopoly in short run & long run, price discrimination, price determination under discriminating Monopoly, comparison between Monopoly & perfect competition. Unit- II Meaning of management, characteristics of management, management Vs administration, management – Art, Science & Profession, Fayol’s principles of management. Human relations approach. Functions of management. Unit-III Planning & Organizing Planning, steps in planning. Planning premises, difference between planning policy & strategy. Authority & responsibility, centralization & decentralization.Unit-IV Staffing, directing & controlling – Manpower planning, Recruitment & section styles of leadership, communication process and barriers, control process and steps in controlling. Note: – Eight questions are to be set taking two from each unit. The students are required to attempt five questions in all taking at least one from each unit. SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATION rd B. TECH. 3 year Automobile Engg. Semester-V S. No Course No. Course Title Teaching Schedule Marks for class work Total Marks for exam Marks L T P Total Theory Practical 1 AE-301 E Design of automobile components-I 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 2 AE-303 E Auto electrical Systems 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 3 ME-305 E Heat Transfer 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 4 ME-307 E Industrial Engineering 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 5 AE-309 E Automotive Transmission-I 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 AE-311 E 6 AE-313 E Applied Numerical Techniques & Computing 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 7 Automotive Transmission Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 8 AE-315 E Auto electrical Systems Lab – – 3 3 25 – 25 50 9 10 11 ME-317 E ME-319E AE-321 E Heat Transfer Lab Industrial Engineering Lab Applied Numerical Techniques & Computing Lab – – 2 2 – 2 2 – 25 25 25 – 25 25 25 0 50 50 TOTAL 18 6 9 33 425 600 125 1150 Note-Students will be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowed SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATION rd B. TECH. 3 year Automobile Engg. Semester-VI S. No Course No. Course Title Teaching Schedule Marks for class work Total Marks for exam Marks L AE-302 E AE-304 E AE-306 E T P Total Theory Practical 1 2 3 Two & Three wheeler Vehicles Engineering Materials Design of automobile components-II 3 4 3 1 1 – 4 4 4 50 50 50 100 100 100 – 150 150 – 150 4 AE-308 E Auto Pollution & Control 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 5 AE-310 E Tribology & Preventive Maintenance 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 6 AE-312 E Microprocessor and interfacing 4 – – 4 50 100 – 150 7 AE-314 E Microprocessor and interfacing lab 3 1 – 4 25 – 25 50 8 AE-316 E Automobile Engg. Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 9 AE-318 E Auto pollution & Control Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 10 AE-320 E Graphics Lab – – 3 3 25 – 25 50 11 AE-322 E Tribology Lab – 2 2 25 25 50 TOTAL 19 5 9 33 425 600 125 1150 Note-Students will be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowedScheme of Studies & Examination B. Tech. 4th Year Automobile Engg. Semester – VII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L T 2 1 1 1 P 2 2 7 2 Total 5 4 3 4 4 2 2 7 2 Sessional Marks for Exam Theory Practical 25 25 100 – Total Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AE-401 E ME-403 E AE-402 E AE AE AE-407 E AE-409 E AE-411 E AE-413 E Mechanical vibrations Measurement and Control Vehicle Body Engineering Elective-I Elective-II M&C & Mechnical Vibration Lab Vehicle Maintencance Lab Project-I Pravcticle Training 3 3 3 3 3 – 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 100 125 100 100 100 100 100 – 50 150 150 150 150 50 50 200 125 Total 15 5 13 33 525 500 150 1175 Note: Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. Scheme of Studies & Examination B. Tech. 4th Year Automobile Engg. Semester – VIII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sessional P 3 9 Total 4 4 3 4 3 3 9 2 32 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 25 425 Marks for Exam Theory 100 100 100 100 100 Practical 1 25 100 50 75 500 250 Total Marks T 1 1 1 – AE-402 E ME=404 E AE-406 E AE AE AE-408 E AE-410 E AE-412 E AE-414 E AE-416 ETrasport Management Computer Added vehicle design Motor Vehilce & environment protection Elective-III Elective-IV Computer added vehicle design Lab Project-II Seminar Comprehensive Viva General fitness for profession Total 3 3 3 4 3 2 18 150 150 150 150 150 75 200 25 50 75 1175 2 12 Note: Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-301E DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS-1 L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction:- Problem identification – problem statement, specifications, constraints, Feasibility study-technical feasibility, economic & financial feasibility, societal & environmental feasibility, Generation of solution field (solution variants), D esign Procedure, System Design Cycle, Life cycle costs, selection of fits and tolerances and analysis of dimensional chains, Human factors engineering.Concept of tearing, bearing, shearing, crushing, bending etc, Stress concentration, factor of safety under different loading conditions. Selection of Materials:-Mechanical properties of the commonly used Engg materials, hardness, and Strength parameters with reference to stress-strain diagram. Introduction to various theories of failure; selection of Engg Materials.UNIT- II MechanicalJoints:-Bolted joints in tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joints in shear and under combined stresses, Design of Power Screw; Coupling design; Design of various types of welding joints under different static load conditions, eccentrically loaded riveted joints; design of cotter and knuckle joint Brakes :-Self energizing condition of brakes, design of shoe brakes – internal & external expanding, band brakes, and disc brakes, Braking lever design , Thermal considerations in brake designing UNIT- III Clutch :-Design of single plate clutch, multi plate clutch, design of centrifugal clutch, cone clutch, energy dissipated, torque capacity of clutch, design of clutch components, design details of roller and sprag type of clutches Vehicle Frame :-Study of loads, moments, and stresses on frame members.Design considerations for frame of passenger and commercial vehicles, materials for automobile structure. UNIT- IV Front Axle and Steering Systems :-Analysis of loads, moments and stresses at different sections of front axle, determination of loads at kingpin bearings and wheel spindle bearings, determination of optimum dimensions and proportions for steering linkages ensuring minimum error in steering. Final Drive and Rear Axle :-Detailed design of shafts for static and dynamic loading, Rigidity and deflection consideration, design of propeller shaft, design details of full floating, semifloating and three quarter floating rear shaft s and rear axle housings. Books 1.Automobile Mechanics by Giri. N. K, Khanna Publisher, New Delhi –2002 2. Fundamental of Machine component design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley, 3rd Edition 3. PSG Design Data book by PSG College of Technology, Combative, 2000 4. Selection & use of engineering materials – J. A. Charles – Butterworth – Heinemann 3 ed– 06 5. Design of Machine Elements – V. B. Bhandari- McGraw Hill 6. Automotive Chassis by Heldt. P. M. , Chilton Co. , New York – 1992 7. Steering, Suspension and tyres by Giles. K. G, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London – 1998 8. Motor Vehicle by Newton Steeds & Garret, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London- 2000 9. Automobile Chassis Design by Dean Averns,Illiffe Books Ltd. – 1992 10. MechanicalEngg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 11. Machine Design – An integrated Approach by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-303E AUTO ELECTRICA L SYSTEMS L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction :-Earth returns and insulated return systems, 6, 12, and 24-volt systems. Positive & negative earth systems.Fusing of circuits, relays, switches, low and high voltage automotive cables, wiring diagram for typical automotive wiring systems, maintenance and servicing. Batteries:- Principles of lead acid cells and their characteristics – construction and working of lead acid battery, types of batteries, testing of batteries, effect of temperature on: capacity and voltage, battery capacity, voltage, efficiency, charging of batteries, sulphation and desulphation, maintenance and servicing, Battery failures & checking, Maintenance free Batteries, High energy and power de nsity batteries for electric vehicles. UNIT- II Charging system:-Principle of generation of direct current. Shunt generator characteristics. Armature reaction. Third brush regulation. Cut-out.Voltage & current regulators, compensated voltage regulator. Alternators – principle, constructional and working aspects, bridge rectifiers. Principle of Magneto, Flywheel Magneto, Maintenance and servicing. Trouble shooting in charging systems. UNIT- III Starting system:-Condition at Starting – starting torque and power requirements, behavior of starter during starting. Series motor and its characteristics. Principle & construction of starter motor. Working of different starter drive units, care & maintenance of starter motor. Starter switches. Safety mechanism. Maintenance, servicing and trouble shooting. Ignition system:- Types, construction & working of battery & coil and magneto ignition systems.Relative merits, Ballast Resistor, Ignition coil, Distributor, Contact breaker Po int, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms, Limitations of conventional ignition systems, Transistorized Ignition systems, Spark plugs – construction, different types, plug fouling, maintenance, servicing and fault diagnosis, Electronic Ignition system. Programmed ignition, distributor less ignition. UNIT-IV Lighting system ;- Principle of automobile illumination, headlamp construction and wiring, reflectors – types, signaling devices- flashers, stop lights, fog lamps, auxiliary lighting-engine, passenger, reading lamp. Regn-plate lamps. Automatic illumination system. Head light levelling devices. Study of a modern headlight system with improved night vision.Electrical Equipment and Accessories :-Oil pressure gauge, fuel level gauge, engine temperature gauge, electrical fuel pump, speedometer, odometer, trip meter, engine rpm meter, Headlamp & Windshield washer and wiper, heaters and defrosters, horns, stereo/radio, power antennae. Central locking, power window win ding. Sun/Moon Roof. Motorized rear view mirrors, reverse warning, Bumper collision warning. Other accessories in modern vehicles. Books 1. â€Å"Automotive Electrical Equipment â€Å", P. L. Kohli, Tata McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd. New Delhi, 1975. 2. â€Å"Principles of Electricity and electronics for the Automotive Technician†, Chapman, Thomson Asia, 2000. 3. Modern Electrical Equipment of Automobiles†, A. W. Judge. Chapman & Hall, London. 4. â€Å"Automobile Electrical and Electronic Equipments â€Å", A. P. Young. & L. Griffiths, English Languages Book Society & New Press, 1990. 5. â€Å"Storage Batteries â€Å", G. W. Vinal. John Wiley & Sons Inc. , New York, 1985. 6. â€Å"Automobile Electrical Equipment â€Å", W. H. Crouse. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. , New York, 7. â€Å"Electrical Ignition Equipment â€Å", F. G. Spreadbury, Constable & Co Ltd. , London, 1962. 8. â€Å"Basic Automotive Electrical Systems†, C. P. Nakra, Dhanpat B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semest er) (Automobile Engineering) ME-305E Heat Transfer L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Heat Exchanger Function, Classification, types and applications of heat Exchangers, heat rejection ratio elements of heatexchanger, Working fluid: Liquid and Gas, Dalton’s law of partial pressures; Effect of leakage of air. Methods tocheck and prevent air infiltration, selection of heat exchangers, heat exchanger design methodology. Single Phase Heat Exchangers: LMTD and NTU methods for evaporator and condenser tubes, and parallel andcounter flow heat exchangers, calculation of number and length of tubes in a heat exchanger.Rating and sizingmethods, design criteria, geometry, process parameters, pressure drops and applicationsCondensation Mech anism, types of condensers and design procedures, Evaporators, Design procedures,augmented surface heat exchangers, Heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops, compact heat exchangers and air coolers, plate heat exchangers and plate fine heat exchangers Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers: Types and design procedure and applications Installation, Operation and Maintenance: Fouling factors, type of fouling, and cleaning methods UNIT-II Air ConditioningBasic Concept Natural and Mechanical refrigeration; Application of Refrigeration; Units of refrigeration and Coefficient of performance; Refrigeration effect, cooling capacity and COP of a refrigerator; Reversed Carnot cycle and its limitations, Meaning of air conditioning, Refrigerants Classification, properties, selection criteria, commonly used refrigerants, alternative refrigerants, eco-friendly refrigerants, and applications of refrigerants. Refrigerants used in automobile air conditioning, Basic vapourcompression system. UNIT-III Air Condit ioning Concept and Applications; Psychometric properties of air; Dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperatures; Relative and specific humidity; degree of saturation adiabatic saturation temperature, enthalpy of air and water vapours; psychometric chart. Human requirement of comforts; effectivetemperature and comfort charts; Industrial and comfort air conditioning.Psychometric Processes Sensible heating and cooling, cooling with dehumidification; Heating with dehumidification; by-pass factor; chemical dehumidification; adiabatic mixing, air washer. UNIT-IV Calculations for Air –conditioning Load and for Rate and state of Supply Air Sources of heat load; sensible and latent heat load; sensible heat factor; apparatus dew point temperature; Rate and state of air supply for air- conditioning of vehicles. Air Conditioning Equipment Brief description of compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion devices; Cooling towers; Ducts; dampers; grills; air filters; fans; room air con ditioners; split units; automotive air conditioning systems-HVAC model Text Books: 1. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer by DS Kumar, SK Kataria and Sons, Delhi 2.A Course in Heat and Mass Transfer by S Domkundwar; DhanpatRai and Sons, Delhi 3. Refrigeration and Conditioning by CP Arora, Tata McGraw Hill 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Manohar Prasad, Wiley Eastern Limited Reference Books: 1. Heat Transfer by AJ Chapman; Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 2. Heat transfer by JP Holmans, McGraw Hill, London 3. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Jordan and Priester, Prentice Hall of India 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by WF Stoecker, McGraw 5. Automotive Air conditioning by Paul Lung, CBS Publisher & Distributor, New Delhi. B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-307E INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGL 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questi ons from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction to work study; Method study; Basic procedure; Recording techniques (charts and diagrams); Elemental breakdown; Micro-motion studies; Therbligs; SIMO-chart; Principles of motion –economy. Introduction; Objectives; technique; (time) information recording; methods of timings; Time study allowances; Work sampling technique; Performance rating and its determination PMTS; M. T. M. ; Work factor.UNIT- II Principles of organization, Importance and characteristics of organization, Organization theories; Classical Organization theory; Neo-Classical organization theory, Modern organization theory; Types of organization, Military or line organization, Functional organization, Line and staff organization, Committees. Objectives of PPC; Functions of PPC; Preplanning and planning; Routing; Estimating; scheduling-master schedule; Daily schedule; Gantt cha rt; Dispatching –centralized vs. decentralized; Control; Follow up and progress reporting. Introduction; Product development; Product characteristics; Role of product development; 3Ss – Standardization; Simplification and Specialization.UNIT- III Introduction, Objectives and importance of sales forecasting, Types of forecasting, Methods of sales forecasting-Collective opinion method, Delphi technique, economic indicator method; Regression analysis, Moving average method, Time series analysis. Introduction, Functions of inventory; Types of inventory; Control importance and functions, Inventory costs, Factors affecting inventory control, Various inventory control models. A. B. C. analysis, Lead-time calculations. UNIT- IV Introduction; Objectives; Concept and life cycle of a product and V. E. ; Steps in VE. , Methodology and techniques, Fast diagram, Matrix method. Various concepts in industrial engineering a) WAGES AND INCENTIVES; -Concept; Types; Plans; Desirable chara cteristics. b) ERGONOMICS; – its importance; Man-machine work place system; Human factors considerations in system design. ) SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT; – its definition, Concept, Objectives, Applications, benefits, Some successful cases in Indian Industries. d) JIT; – Its definition, Concept, Importance, Misconception, Relevance, Applications, Elements of JIT (brief description). e) MRP;-Introduction, Objectives, factors, Guide lines, Techniques Elements of MRP f) TIME MANAGEMENT;-Introduction, Steps of time management, Ways for saving time, Key for time saves. Reference and Text books: ? Production planning and control by S. Elion ? Modren production Management by S. S Buffa ? Industrial engg. and management manufacturing system by Surender kumar, Satya prakashan ? Essence of Supply Chain Management by R.P mohanty and S. G Deshmukh ? Industrial engg. and management by S Sharma and Savita Sharma B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-309E AUTOM OTIVE TRANSMISSON-I L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction:-Need for Transmission system. Tractive Effort and Resistances to Motion of a vehicle. Requirements of transmission system. Classification of Transmission systems.Single, Two or Four Wheel drive systems. Multi axle drives. Chain, Shaft and Electric drives. Location of transmission system. Different transmissions in scooter, car, MUVs and transport vehicles of Indian make. Clutch:-Automatic Clutch. Dry and Wet type of clutch. Friction lining materials. Over-running clutch. Modes of operating a clutch –mechanical, hydraulic and electric. Principle of operation, Constructional details, torque capacity and design aspects. Different types of clutches. Operation of single plate: helical spring and diaphragm type, and multiplate clutch. Centrifugal clutch UNIT- II Gear box:-Determination of gear ratios for vehicles.Performance characteristics in different speeds. Different types of gear boxes – sliding, constant and synchromesh type. Need for double declutching and working of synchronizing unit. Power and economy modes in gearbox. Transfer box. Transaxles. Overdrives. Gear shifting mechanisms – mechanical link andwiretypes UNIT-III Hydrodynamic drive :-Fluid coupling- principle of operation, constructional details. Torque capacity. Performance characteristics, Reduction of drag torque. Torque converter-Principle of operation, constructional details, performance characteristics, converter coupling, multistage torque converters and Polyphase torque converters.Hydrostatic drive:-Hydrostatic driveVarious types of hydrostatic systems – Principles of hydrostatic drive system, Advantage and limitations, Comparison of hydrostat ic drive with hydrodynamic drive – Construction and working of typical Jannyhydrostatic drive. UNIT-IV Electric drive :-Electric drive Principle of early and modified Ward Leonard Control system. Advantage & limitations. Performance characteristics. Study of drive system in an electric and hybrid vehicle. Automatic transmission applications Chevrolet â€Å"Turboglide† Transmission, Powerglide Transmission Toyota â€Å"ECT-i† Automatic Transmission with Intelligent Electronic controls system, Hydraulic Actuation system. References: 1. Heldt. P. M. , † Torque converters â€Å", Chilton Book Co. 2. Newton and Steeds, † Motor vehicles â€Å", llliffe Publishers. 3. Judge. A. W. † Modern Transmission systems â€Å", Chapman and Hall Ltd. 4. SAE Transactions 900550 & 930910. 5. † Hydrostatic transmissions for vehicle applications†, I Mech E Conference,1981-88. 6. Crouse. W. H. , Anglin. , D. L. , † Automotive Transmission and Pow er Trains construction â€Å", McGraw-Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-311E Applied numerical technique & computing L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I Solution of equations and eigen value problems: Iterative method, Newton-Raphson method for single variable and for simultaneous equations with two variables. Solutions of linear system by Gaussian, Gauss-Jordan, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods. Inverse of a matrix by GaussJordan method, Eigen value of a matrix by power and Jacobi methods. UNIT- II Interpolation: Newton’s divided difference formula, Lagrange and Hermit’s polynomials. Newton forward and backward difference formulae, Stirling’s and Bessel’s central differen ce formulae. Numerical Differentiation and Integration: Numerical differentiation with interpolation polynomials, UNIT-III Numerical integration by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules. Two and three point Gaussian quardratureformula.Double integrals using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules. Initial value problems for ordinary differential equations: Single Step Methods-Taylor Series, Euler and Modified Euler, Runge-Kutta method of order four for first and second order differential equations. UNIT- IV Boundary value problems for ordinary and partial differential equations: Finite difference solution for the second order ordinary differential equations. Finite difference solution for onedimensional heat equation one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations. BOOKS: 1. Sastry, S. S Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis (Third Edition), Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1998. 2.Kandasamy, P. , Thilakavathy, K, and Gumnavathy, K, Numerical M ethods, S. Chand & Co. , New Delhi, 1999. 3. Grewal, B. S and GrewalJ. S. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Hanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Jain, M. K. , Iyengar, S. R. K and Jain, R. K. Numerical Methods for Engineering and Scientific Computation (Third Edition), New Age International (P) Ltd. , New Delhi, 1995. 5. Gerald, C. F. and Wheatley, P. O. Applied Numerical Analysis (Fifth Edition), AddisonWesley, Singapore, 1998. 6. Narayanan, S. , ManickavachakamPillai, K. andRamanaiah, G. Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students Volume-III,S Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd. 1993.B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-313E AUTOMOTIVE TRANSMISSION LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of experiments :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark 1. Study of a layout of transmission system for a front wheel drive, rear wheel drive and a four wheel drive arrangement 2. Trouble shooting in different types of friction clutches 3. Study of layout of gears and shafts in a manual t ype gearbox and a transaxle. 4. Trouble shooting in manual type of gearbox and a transaxle 5. Study of layout in a manual & automatic gearbox for a two wheeler 6. Trouble shooting in gearbox of two wheeler of previous experiment 7. Study of layout of an automatic gearbox. 8.Study of gear shifting controls in an automatic gearbox 9. Trouble shooting in an automatic gearbox 10. Study of performance of an automatic gearbox. 11. Study of a manual and electric Transfer Case. 12. Trouble shooting in Transfer Case of previous experiment. 13. Study of an electric drive in an Electric vehicle Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-315E AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS LAB L T P 3 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To understand the layout of complete wiring system of an automobile. 2. Perform he various tests for checking the bat tery condition. 3. To understand and test the charging circuit and charging motor. 4. To conduct performance test on a dynamo, alternator & starter motor. 5. To understand & test the starting circuit and trouble shooting in it. 6. Understand and test the conventional ignition system, setting of contact breaker points and spark plug gap. 7. Understand the working and testing of an Electronic Ignition system 8. Understand and test the lighting circuit of a car. 9. Conduct headlamp focusing as per the procedure. 10. Study the working of different accessories of a modern car 11. To study the layout / working of a Fuel Cell powered electric car.Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-317E HEAT TRANSFER LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. Determination of thermal conductivi ty of: a solid insulating material by slab method powder materials by concentric spheres method / or by some transient heat transfer technique †¢ liquids by employing thin layer †¢ a metal by comparison with another metal by employing two bars when kept in series and / or in parallel under different boundary conditions 2.Determination of coefficient of heat transfer for free/forced convection from the surface of a cylinder / plate when kept †¢ along the direction of flow †¢ perpendicular to the direction of flow †¢ inclined at an angle to the direction of flow 3. Determination heat transfer coefficient by radiation and hence find the Stefan Boltzman's constant using two plates/two cylinders of same size by making one of the plates/cylinders as a black body 4. To plot the temperature profile and to determine fin effectiveness and fin efficiency for †¢ A rod fin when its tip surface is superimposed by different boundary condition †¢ †¢ :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark †¢ Straight transfer fins of various sizes and optimization of fin proportions †¢ Circumferential fins of rectangular/triangular section 5. Study of various elements of an air conditioner system through cut sections models / actual apparatus 6.Study of design of an AC condenser / evaporator as an heat exchanger. 7. Calculation/ Estimation of cooling load for a vehicle 8. Study and performance of car air conditioner (HVAC model) Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-319E INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark List of Experiments 1. To study various Rating Factor systems and find standard time for making small sand mould. 2. To study various plat layouts and suggest improvements in existing Machines Shop layout. 3.To study and draw organizati onal structure of a near by industry and suggest changes. 4. To draw X and R charts for a given sample of products to check their acceptance. 5. To draw p chart for a given product lot and verify its acceptance 6. Draw a flow process chart with time estimates for a simple welding process. 7. Draw a two handed process chart for a simple process of a job preparation on a lathe. 8. To study various purchase procedures and draw organizational structure of college purchase department. 9. A case study on ABC/VED analysis. 10. A case study on Quality Improvement Techniques (e. g. Hostel Mess/ Workshop / Canteen etc. ) 11. A market survey and analysis. 12.A â€Å"preliminary project report† preparation for any small-scale unit. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by 1. institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (VTH semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-321E Applied Numerical Techniques& Computing Lab L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To develop computer program to determine roots of a given equation using method of Newton -Raphson method, 2. To develop computer programs for solution of system of simultaneous linear equations using Gauss Elimination Technique 3. Numerical Integration with Simpson's rule and Gaussian Integration 4.Solution of ordinary differential equations by (i) Euler Method (ii) Runge-Kutta Method (iii) Taylor Series Methods 5. Develop a computer program to generate random numbers. 6. Develop a computer program to carry out a numerical integration using Monte Carlo Method. 7. Develop a computer program to find the value of pi using Monte Carlo method with different total number of computations. 8. Develop a computer program to simulate the car wash station problem. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark B-Te ch 3rd year (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-302E L 3 T 1 P – TWO AND THREE WHEELER VEHICLESSessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Power Unit: Two stroke and four stroke SI engine, merits and demerits. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical port timing diagrams. Types of scavenging processes merits and demerits, scavenging efficiency. Scavenging pumps. Rotary valve engine. UNIT- II Fuel system. Lubrication system. Magneto coil and battery coil spark ignition system. electronic Ignition system. Starting system.Kick starter system. UNIT- III Chassis and Sub-Systems: barMainframe, its types. Chassis and shaft drive. Single, multiple plates and centrifugal clutches. Gear box and gear controls. Front and rear suspension- systems. Shock abs orbers. Panel meters and controls on handle. UNIT- IV Brake and Wheels: Drum brakes, Disc brakes, front and rear brake links layouts. Spoked wheel, Cast wheel. Disc wheel. Disctypes. Tyres&tubes. Two wheeler dynamics: Stability of two wheelers on straight and curved path. B-Tech3rdyear (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-304E ENGINEERING MATERIALS L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Atomic structure of metals & crystal system:- crystallographic notation of atomic planes, polymorphism and allotropy, solidification of crystallization (i) nuclear formation (crystal growth) (ii) crystal imperfection Elementary treatment of theories of plastic deformation, phenomenon of slip twinning, dislocation, identification of crystallographic possible slip planes and direction in FCC, BCC, C. P. , recovery, re-crystallization, preferred orientation causes and effects on the property of metals. UNIT-II .General principles of phase transformation in alloys:-, phase rule and equilibrium diagrams, Equilibrium diagrams of (i) Binary system in which the components form a mechanical mixture of crystals in the solid state and are completely mutually soluble in both liquid state. (ii) systems whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in the solid state in which the solid state solubility deceases with temperature(iii) alloys whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in solid state (iv) system whose components are subject to allotropic change. Iron carbon equilibrium diagram and their Phase transformation UNIT-III Engineering materials and their properties:- classification. Classification of ferrous and nonferrous materials. Classi fication of cast iron-properties and their applications.Effects of alloying elements on properties of steel, carbon steel, low alloy steels, stainless steel, tool steels and die steels. Alloys of Ni, Al, Cu, Mg; properties and their applications. Classification of composite materials and their properties and applications. UNIT-IV 4. Heat treatment and surface treatment: Heat treatment of steel – Annealing, Normalising, Hardening and tempering with their types and application to automotive components, surface hardening techniques, Induction, flame and chemical hardening, coating of wear and corrosion resistance, Electroplating. Phosphating, Anodizing, hot dipping, thermal spraying, hard facing and thin film coatings. Selection of materials: Cryogenic wear, corrosion, fatigue, creep and oxidation resistance application. riteria of selecting materials for automotive components viz cylinder block, Cylinder head, piston, piston ring, Gudgeon pin, connecting rod, crank shaft, crank case, cam,cam shaft, engine valve, gear wheel, clutch plate, axle, bearings, chassis, spring, body panel – radiator, brake lining etc. Application of non-metallic materials such as composite, ceramic and polymers in automobile. References: 1. Khanna. O. P. , † Material Science and Metallurgy â€Å", DhanapalRai& Sons, 2. Kapoor, † Material Science and Processes â€Å", New India Publishing House, 3. Raghavan. V. , Physical Metallurgy, Principle and Practice, Prentice Hall, 4. Bawa. H. S. , Materials Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill,. 5. Avner S. H†.Introduction to Physical Metallurgy† McGraw-Hill, New York, 6. Dieter, G. E. , Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. 7. Heat treatment of metals B. Zakharv B-Tech 3rdyear (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-306E DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS-II L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Belts and Chains systems Design for the selection of V-belt, toothed belt and chains. Design of pulley for belt, and sprocket for chain.UNIT-II Suspension Systems Type of springs and their uses, Design for helical springs, under tension, compression and fluctuating loads, design of leaf springs, Belleville springs, Air (Pneumatic) springs, Surging phenomenon in springs. UNIT-III Transmissions Basics of gears and gear trains, nomenclature, design of spur, helical, straight bevel gears, worm and worm wheel. UNIT-IV Bearing Basics of bearings, their types, nomenclature. Selection criteria, Design of sliding and rolling type of bearings, Details of design of bearing housings Design of Lubrication systems for different assemblies in vehicles UNIT-IV Engine Components Details of cylinder and piston assembly and their failures. Choice of material for piston and cylinder. Details, failures, and design of connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft. Material for crankshaft, connecting rod, and camshaft.Basics of Valves and their design. Design aspects of intake and exhaust manifolds, valves springs, tappets, valve trains. Materials for the same. Text Books 1. Design Data Book by PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, 2000. 2. Automobile Mechanics by Giri. N. K. , Khanna Publisher, New Delhi – 2002. 3. Fundamental of Machine Component Design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley. 4. Vehicular Engine Design, â€Å" by Kevin L Hoag, SAE Publication 5. An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design, Julian Happiah Smith, SAE Publication 6. High Speed Combustion Engines by P. M. Heldt, Oxford-IBH Publishing Co. 7. Mechanical Engg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 8.Machine Design – An integrated Approach by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley 9. Automobile Chassis Design by Dean Averns, Illiffe Books Ltd. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Autom obile Engineering) AE-308 AUTO PULLUTION AND CONTROL L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction: General Scenario on automotive Pollution, Pollutants-sources-formation-effectstransient operational effects on pollution.Engine Combustion and Pollutant Formation: HC, CO, NOx, Particulate Matters, Aldehyde emissions, Effect of operating variables on emission formation. Emission Control Efforts: Supply of fuel – establishment of national test centers, construction of road networks. UNIT-II Alternate Fuels : Estimation of petroleum reserve – need for alternate fuels – Merits & Demerits and uses of CNG, LPG, Alcohols, Hydrogen, Bio-fuels, Electric Energy, Solar Energy. Emission Standards : Evaluation of Emission S tandards – Mandatory Tests for Emission measurement – Type Approval & Production Conformity Tests – Driving Cycles, Bharat Stages & Euro emission standards.UNIT-III Control Techniques for SI and CI: Design changes, optimization of operating factors, Control of Crankcase emission, Evaporative emission, Exhaust emission – exhaust gas recirculation, air injector PCV system, thermal reactors, catalytic converters. UNIT-IV Test Procedure & Instrumentation for Emission Measurement: Test proceduresMeasurements of invisible emissions -ORSAT apparatus, NDIR analyzer, Flame ionization detectors, Chemiluminescent analyzer, Gas analyzer, Measurements of visible emissions – Comparison methods & Obscure methods – Smoke meters, Emission standards. Reference: 1. B. P. Pundir, â€Å"Engine Emissions†, Narosa Publishing House, 2007. 2. V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 2004. 3. K. K. Ramalingam, â€Å"Automobile Engineeri ng†, Scitech Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2005 4.Amitosh De, â€Å"Automobile Engineering†, Galgotia Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2004 5. Dr. N. K. Giri, â€Å"Automobile Mechanic†, Khanna Publishers, 2006 6. Heywood. J. B. , Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1995. 7. Automobiles and Pollution SAE Transaction, 1995. B-TECH 3rd YEAR (6th SEMESTER) (AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING) AE-310E TRIBOLOGY & PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I INTRODUCTION :-Introduction to Tribology, general tribological considerations in design of gears, cams, reciprocating components, Engine tribology basics – importance , tribological aspects of engine components such as bearing, piston assemb ly, valve train, transmission drive line-transmission, traction drive, universal and constant velocity joints, wheel bearings, drive chains, lubrication regims in the engine. UNIT -II FRICTION AND WEAR:-Nature of metal surface, surface properties, surface parameters and measurements, types, sliding friction, rolling friction, theories of friction, modified adhesive theory, engine friction, losses and engine design parameters. Introduction to wear, types of wear, theories of wear, mechanism of wear, wear testing and methods of wear measurements, factors affecting wear.UNIT-III BEARINGS, LUBRICATION AND AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS:- Theory of hydrodynamics, lubrication, generalizedReynold’s equation & physical significance of terms, pressure distribution and load carrying capacity equations for hydrodynamic journal bearinginfinitely long and short bearing approximations, thrust bearings, Raleigh bearing sintered bearings. Automotive Lubricants- introduction, properties, standard test methods for automotive lubricants, testing, classification, engine oil performance designations, tests, transmission fluids, gear lubricants, axle lubricants, solid lubricants, automotive engine oils, EP lubricants, Lubricant monitoring, SOAP, ferrography and other rapid testing methods of lubricant contaminationHYDROSTATIC AND ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION:- Hydrostatic bearings, basic concepts, bearing characteristic number and performance coefficients, flat, conical & spherical pad thrust bearing, air & gas lubricated bearing, squeeze film lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, introduction, rolling of two cylinders, lubrication of ball & roller bearings, cams and gears, selection and life estimation, fatigue and diagnosis. . UNIT-IV INTRODUCTION TO PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE:-Definition of preventive maintenance, difference between regular maintenance and preventive maintenance, preventive maintenance schedule for passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles, Noise, wear and co rrosive maintenance.PERIODIC MAINTANENECE:-Maintenance of batteries, Lead acid battery, Factor affecting battery life, testing and battery troubles Maintenance of auxiliaries Lubrication system, greasing of vehicle , lubricationcharts , Cooling system Maintenance, Maintenance of Electrical system, testing of starters ,alternators, ignition coils, wiring harness, horns, wipers, maintenance of drive line system Reference Books 1. Fuller D. D. , â€Å"Theory and Practice of Lubrication for Engineers â€Å". John Wiley and Sons. 2. Halling J. , â€Å"Principles of Tribology â€Å", McMillan Press Ltd. 3 Cameron A. â€Å"Basic Lubrication Theory â€Å", Wiley Eastern Ltd. 4 Neale M. J. â€Å"Tribology Hand Book â€Å", Butterworths. 5 O. P. Orlov, â€Å"Fundamentals of Machine Design â€Å", Vol. IV, MIR. 6 Hamrok B. J. â€Å"Fundamentals of Fluid film lubrication†, McGraw Hill, New York,NY 7 Automotive Chassis – P. M. Heldt, Chilton Co. NK 8 Young, Griffiths , â €Å"Automobile Electrical & Electronic Equipments’ Butterworths, London 9 G. B. S.Narang, â€Å"Automobile Engineering† 10 NakraB. C. ,†Theory& Practice of mechanical Vibrations†, McGraw Hill 11 Nakra B. C. &Chowdhari K. K. , â€Å"Instrumentation, measurements and analysis†, McGraw Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-312E MICROPROCESSORS & INTERFACING L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Basic Electronics :Introduction: Electronic devices and circuits, Amplifiers, Converters, Digital Electronics.Microprocessors Block diagram of microcomputer, Architecture of Intel 8085, Importance of Data, Address and Control buses, Instruction formats, Addressing modes and types of instruc tions in Intel 8085, Instruction set of 8085. Memory Devices, RAM, ROM Types, Microprocessor interfacing with memory chips. LAN and CAN Network basics Microcontroller:Comparison of microprocessor & microcontrollers, survey of 4,8,16 & 32 bit microcontrollers. Architecture of 8051:Block Diagram, oscillator & clock, Program Counter, registers, Flags, Internal memory, stack & stack pointer, special function register, Input/Output Pins, Ports and Circuits, External memory, Counters & Timers, Serial Data input/output interrupts. DC Motor and Stepper motor controls.UNIT-II Electronic fuel control system:Introduction, components, Open loop and closed loop control systems, intake manifold pressures, mass air flow rate sensor, Throttle body injection and multi port or point fuel injection, Fuel injection system, Injector operations, Injection system controls. :Motivation for electronic engine control, concept, parameters, Digital engine control variables, Engine mapping, control strategy, El ectronic engine management components, layout. Engine cranking and warm up control, Acceleration enrichment, Deceleration leaning and idle speed control. EGR control, Variable valve timing control, Electronic Ignition control, Electronic spark timing control. Exhaust emission control engineering, Integrated engine control system. UNIT-III Transmission control systems: Electronic transmission management: components, layout.Electronic control of automatic transmissions, valve actuating control system, twowheel drive control, four-wheel drive control, all wheel drive auto control system. Electric vehicle drive controls Electronic control of hybrid and electric vehicles. Digital controllers for drive-motor, motor-generator, battery and fuel cell. UNIT-IV Chassis Control system Electronic management of chassis system, Cruise control systems. Electronic suspension system, antilock braking controls system, traction control system, and vehicle stability control system. Electronic Steering c ontrol. Body controls and Security Body control systems: Remote central locking, Key less entry, Automatic Air conditioning systems. Security systems: immobilizer, and warning systems.Telematics, GPS Systems, Electronic control system diagnostics. Text Books: 1. William B. Riddens, † Understanding Automotive Electronics â€Å", 5th Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann Woburn, 1998. 2. William L Husselbee, † Automotive Computers and Control System: Fundamentals and Service â€Å". Hartcourt Brace Professional Publications. 3. Thomas H Denton, â€Å"Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems†, SAE Publication. 4. Bosch Automotive Handbook, Latest Edition, SAE Publication 5. Bechtold. , † Understanding Automotive Electronic â€Å", SAE Publication 6. Ronald K Jurgen, â€Å"Automotive Microcontrollers† SAE Publications 7. Ronald K Jurgen, â€Å" Passenger Safety and Convenience Systems† SAE PublicationB-Tech 3rd year(6th Semester) (Automobile Engin eering) AE-314E Microprocessor & Interfacing Lab L 3 T 1 P Class Work Exam Total 1. Study of 8085 Microprocessor Kit. 2. Write a program to add and subtract two 8-bit number using 8085 3. Study of 8051/8031 Micro controller kits. 4. Write a program for multiplication of two numbers using 8051 5. Write a program to interface the ADC. 6. Write a program to control a stepper motor in direction, speed and number of steps. 7. Write a program to control the speed of DC motor 8. Write a program to control the traffic light system using 8085/8086 microprocessors and 8255 PPI 9. Programming of a PLC based system to control speed of DC motor 10.Programming of a PLC based system to control stepper motor Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :50Marks :100Marks : 150 Mark B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-316E AUTOMOBILE ENGG. LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam To tal List of experiments 1. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Steering Systems. (a) Manual Steering Systems, e. g. Pitman –arm steering, Rack & Pinion steering. (b) Power steering Systems, e. g. Rack and Pinion Power Steering System. (c) Steering Wheels and Columns e. g. Tilt & Telescopic steering Wheels, Collapsible Steering Columns. 2.To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Tyres& wheels. (a) Various Types of Bias & Radial Tyres. (b) Various Types of wheels. 3. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the Automotive Brake systems. (a) Hydraulic & Pneumatic Brake systems. (b) Drum Brake System. (c) Disk Brake System. (d) Antilock Brake System. (e) System Packing & Other Brakes. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark 4. To study and prepare report on the constructional de tails, working principles and operation of Automotive Emission / Pollution control systems. 5. Modeling of any two automotive systems on 3D CAD using educational softwares (eg. D modeling package/Pro Engineering/I-Deas/ Solid edge etc. ) 6. Crash worthiness of the designed frame using Hypermesh and LS-Dyna solver or other software. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-318E AUTO POLLUTION & CONTROL LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments : 1. To Study of Pressure pickups, charge amplifier, storage oscilloscope and signal analysers used for IC engine testing. 2. Performance study of petrol and diesel engines both at full load and part load conditions. 3.Determination of compression ratio, volumetric efficiency and optimum cooling water flow rate in engines.. 4. Testing of 2 and 4 wheelers using chas sis dynamometers. 5. Study of NDIR Gas Analyzer and FID 6. Study of Chemiluminescent NOx analyzer 7. Measurement of HC, CO, CO2, O2 using exhaust gas analyzer 8. Diesel smoke measurement. 9. Study of Exhaust gas re circulation system in diesel engine. References:1. Giles. J. G. , Vehicle Operation and performance, IIIiffe Books Ltd. , London, 1989. 2. Crouse. W. H. and Anglin. D. L. , Motor Vehicle Inspection, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1978. 3. Ganesan. V. , Internal Combustion engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 1994. 4. BIS code Books, IS-10000 series, 1988.Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Marks B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-320E GRAPHICS LAB L T P 3 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mar 1. AutoCAD or similar drafting software 2. Computer Aided Drafting – introduction 3. Learning standard tools of Com puter Aided Drafting with exercise 4. Creating 2D drawings of simple automotive component like gaskets, brackets, valves etc. 5. Applying dimension and tolerance on entities. 6. Creating 2D detail drawing, cross sections & partial views of automotive components like flywheel, piston etc. 7. Concept of multi layer system with exercise. 8.Applying geometrical tolerance on drawing. References: 1. Shrock Cheryl R. , Exercise Workbook for Beginning AutoCAD, New Age International, 2006. 2. George Omura, Mastering AutoCAD, BPB Publication, 2005. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-322E TRIBOLOGY LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Marks 1. To study the pressure distribution of a journal bearing using journal bearing apparatus. 2. To determine abrasion index of a material with the help of dry abr asion tester. 3.To determine the rate of wear of metal and plot displacement v/s time curves by friction & wear monitor apparatus. 4. To evaluate the load wear index & weld point with the help of four ball stream pressure tester. 5. Analysis of various properties of lubricant of using lubricant oil analyzer. 6. Compare and analyzer the wear characteristics of different materials. 7. To study different types of bearing used in industries. 8. To study the effect of axial and circumferential grooves in cases of oil bearing. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory.

Greek Mythology: the Story of My Father and His Son Essay

My father was not a very good man. He was an alcoholic, womanizer and physically abusive to his wives (he was married twice) and his children. He had a genius mind, with a simpleton’s attention span. If he were to be given an evaluation today, he may be on the autistic spectrum, maybe leaning toward Asperger’s. He would sit on his throne and eschew orders like he was ready at any moment to wield the lightning bolt and kill us all. He was the Zeus to my Ares, and despite everything I loved him fiercely. I defended him even when he wouldn’t defend himself and since I have a fiery temper (anyone can ask my wife, the only fire extinguisher I will ever need), we often clashed like titans. It is a good thing we shared the mutual love of exploring ancient Greek myths and figures, as we could have been reading about ourselves. My Zeus died in 2008. When I was young, my father and I were forced by the courts to spend weekends together after he and my mother divorced. She was tired of Zeus, and bashed his head in with a frying pan while I watched wide-eyed and silent. During these visits, my father would at least pretend to be sober enough to entertain the product of his first wild, young marriage. He had a huge collection of books, pictures and slides of Greece and the mythologies which could appear to anyone else to be funny since we are 150% Italian. I would stare in fascination at these pictures of places, pretending I was there; and the people, pretending I was them. Eventually my father would finish whatever was in his cup and come find me, furiously afraid I was destroying his collection and threatening ghastly vengeance on me if I had. What he did do was make me want to look more. Eventually I could read, and instead of chasing me out of his office would actually spend time with me in there, most of the time sleeping it off I realize now. But as I read on through the months I began to worry less and less I would be beaten for exploring in there if I was careful, and began to ask him questions about things I didn’t understand. Why did the stories talk about so many gods, when my Catholic education taught me there was only one? What did this have to do with the stars and sky, and what was up with all the monsters? I think he figured humoring me was a way out of actually having to take me anywhere and would answer me, grabbing volumes and flipping the pages. I crept into within arm’s length and we spent many hours going over all sorts of what a child’s mind would find unfathomable. Our favorite was a bright orange tome titled Greek Mythology, and had such chapter titles as The Monster-Killers. How interesting that one is. I would still see Zeus all the time, as I tried his patience as a child does, or whenever he felt like it. As I have said, he wasn’t a very nice man. My mother knew it, my friends knew it, even the dog knew it I think. I was desperate for male influence as my mom after her divorce moved us in with her mom, who was a widow living with†¦her mom. So as a father now I can see how I would take even the worst interaction over none at all. I always had a temper, my mother telling me I was like my father when she was exasperated of me†¦when in fact I see myself now as the Ares to his Zeus. As they were father and son so were we. So on the weekends he would come and get me that lessened as he built his second family, that is what we did. Saw a couple movies of his choosing and then would retreat to his house on Wellington Dr. to let me loose in the office. The older I became the looser his grip on the office collection, but I knew Zeus was watching and if I ever dog-eared a page I furtively looked around before smoothing it back, praying as a child does he wouldn’t find out. The older I got, the less I saw my father as happens as one goes through the teens and beyond. I would still bring up our favorite interest when I talked to him, asking if he found any new books or saw any specials on TV. â€Å"Sure kid. â€Å", he would tell me while I knew that the only one looking and watching was me. I collected every National Geographic on the topic, have many DVD’s of documentaries, and even went to a convention a few years back where I saw some artifacts like pottery and coin rubbings. That temper of mine got me in quite a few scrapes and when I would tell the Old Man about my latest exploits he would laugh at me and usually one-up me. You can’t compete with Zeus I guess. After my son was born came his three sisters and any free time I have to devote exclusively to reading the Myths. I love them as much as I ever have, and the family knows it. They despair if I ever come across something new on Netflix knowing what comes next. But I never told them about the link to my father, I guess some things just stay put until the right time. My wife just thought it was something I always liked for no special reason. She didn’t like Zeus, whom she distrusted immediately. She has good radar. She also knows how to put me in my place when I start to get fiery, I have children of my own who can push my hot-button for sure. But I have never done more than yell because Zeus taught me that no one benefits from it. Back to my son. He discovered the Percy Jackson books by Rick Reardon, and the eventual movie. These books are Greek Mythology with a modern spin but still as factual. He loves, loves  them. In fact, as he read more he wanted more. So I found books like the Treasury of Greek Mythology by National Geographic, and we in turn spend many hours reading together. I think he is smarter than me, and certainly more computer literate so he finds new â€Å"stuff† all the time for us to check out. The boy who sometimes I can’t look at, because he looks back at me with Zeus’s eyes. In those eyes I see someone who hurt me so much, in a body I know loves me unconditionally. The boy who has Asperger’s. Dominic is 10 and still the age where I know what I am talking about. Zeus died in 2008. He left this world as he came in, drooling from the drugs they gave him in a futile attempt to save the liver which had finally given up on him. He had people bringing him alcohol to the hospital right to the last day. No one said no to Zeus. I will never forget that last image I have of the powerful god. So in a way with my son, the Myths are helping to fix the broken bond my father and I didn’t have. In his will he left nothing to no one, his words almost exactly. But he had one thing in safe deposit box. A faded orange book by John Pinsent, titled Greek Mythology. In it was a picture of him and me – Zeus and Ares, probably taken by my mother†¦marking a severely dog-eared page.

Part Two of Project (Stilsim Company) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Part Two of Project (Stilsim Company) - Essay Example rganizations and their business processes are surrounded by a complex web of factors which are responsible for how ell that organization or business performs financially and as a whole. These factors can be simplified by their division into two broad categories. These are: The internal environment of an organization constitutes the elements of an organization’s working parts that is the organizational culture, its employees, and in a nut-shell the factors which are internal to the organization that is the strengths and weaknesses of an organization. The external factors on the other hand are quite different. These are the factors which make up the opportunities and the threats that are present in the external environment for the organization. Opportunities and threats are interspersed in the environment surrounding a firm and they present not only a challenge but in the long term also helps organizations achieve growth and prosperity. Changes such as those that occur in technology or social needs and the policies of the government are all problems that present themselves in the form of opportunities and threats for organizations. Following are some of the major sources of opportunity for a firm: In one sense the opportunities for a firm are also similar to the threats as in they are both external to the environment but this is where the similarities end. The threats are issues that no one wants to discuss but which are important to be overcome for the success of an organization. The threats include: A thorough analysis of the business environment around Stilsim shows that a large number of both threats and opportunities exist for the organization. To begin with, we will discuss the opportunities that exist for the company. The world today has changed drastically and totally. The things that are possible today with the aid of computers provide a wide array of possibilities that the firm can take up. For beginners, the firm has the opportunity to market itself

The Migration of African Americans from the South to the North Research Paper

The Migration of African Americans from the South to the North - Research Paper Example The war had affected their social lives and it was time to rebuild their lives. The new region was in need of labor and the great migration was an effect of the demand for labor. The large number was enough to supply the north with the much-needed labor. Labor was the key factor and that the market was demanding labor after a large number of individual had migrated to Europe to fight the war. The effect of the war and the migration was visible in these regions (Harrison, 2012). Effect on the labor The north migration of African American had an impact on the labor market. According to Tolnay (2003), the migration was prompted by the fact that the labor market was falling short of supply. The European supply of cheap labor was cut short by the ongoing first. The north hence was in demand of labor. This prompted the shift of market from the European region to local labor force. The effect meant that the employers chose to utilize the internal labor markets. The high population of Africa n American in the south made it suitable for sourcing labor. This prompted the migration of people from the south to the north. The market was able to realize a potential labor market and shifted to attract cheap labor sourced from within the nation. A large majority of people were attracted to availability of industries which where potential employers (Harrison, 2012). The labor market grew and was unable to accommodate the rising population. In the short run, the move was effective as they were able to revive the industrial markets.

Organizational Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Culture - Research Paper Example As the report declares an effective training and development program for the employees has helped them to increase their motivation level. These training and development programs have made them responsible towards their job profile. An effective customer service strategy is another important part of the successful organization culture of Walmart. Moreover, the organization has implemented an open-door communication strategy in order to simplify the communication process between the top level and bottom level of the organization. Bringing flexibility in the decision making process has helped Walmart to undertake effective decisions. However, the study will reveal the organizational culture of Walmart in terms work culture, customer service, internal and external communication, and the strategic decision making process of the organization. Several past researches on this area have been carried out to collect appropriate information for the study. This paper stresses that organizational culture is a specific study of individuals and behavior of those individuals within the context of workplace settings in an organization. Organizational culture is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates communication, psychology, management, and sociology. It is an important field of study that helps to investigate the impact of culture of groups, individuals and structures on the performance of organizations. It harmonizes the academic studies of human resource management and organizational theory. Organizational culture can also be referred to as an organizational science or organizational studies. This study will analyze the organization culture of Walmart which is the world’s largest supermarket chain. Overview of Organizational Culture Organizational culture is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates communication, psychology, management, and sociology. Organizational culture consists of the organizational work process, w ork culture, environment, communication process, and the decision making process. Organizational culture addresses the environment of workplace. Communication process addresses the communication between the top level and bottom level of the organization. Decision making process is one of the key processes that enhance organizational culture. The field of organizational culture has its roots in both organizational and industrial psychology. Contemporary Issues Due to advanced technology, the business environment of an organization is changing dramatically. Gigantic size of an organization is another contemporary issue. Business diversification can create several organizational issues. Adaptability and flexibility in the business environment are other contemporary issues. Innovation and cultural diversifications in the organization are also considered as the contemporary issues. Organizational Culture of Walmart It is known to all that Walmart is the largest departmental store chain. The organization was

Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Essay - 1

Evolution of Health Care Information Systems - Essay Example This paper outlines that the use of health care information systems in United States has changed considerably during last twenty years. U.S. health organizations have modernized most of their health facilities in order to improve service delivery. A great deal of investments has been made in implementation of the information systems that are applied in clinical operations. In an effort to improve service delivery and decrease costs, health organizations have adopted computerized systems such as Electronic Medical Record systems. In the past, before the development of the EMR, health organizations used paper based record systems. At the time, half of the patient’s information was computerized and stored as computer printouts. From this study it is clear that the automated systems were used as primary source for analyzing patients’ information by the physicians or the clinicians. This contrasts sharply with the modern Electronic Medical Recording systems which are used as passive storage devices in many health organizations. Using this system enables physicians to access knowledge resources, reminders and alerts. Health professionals can use the system in decision making due to the fact that it enables them to access the decision support capabilities. Most of the health facilities present in the health centers could not be used to manage the patient health effectively. With the introduction of the electronic system, clinicians and physician have used the system to manage health of patients. The health facilities in the past could not provide the physician with comprehensive view of the patient’s health. Even though there is sharp contrast between health care facilities in the past and at the present, there exist some similarities. Medical records kept whichever the system is used, is very useful for documenting patient care.  

A borderless world has resulted in an improved global economy Essay

A borderless world has resulted in an improved global economy - Essay Example To that extent, the world may be seen as borderless since ideas and information pass from country to the next (Fung and Fung, 2007). Besides, there have been many improvements in the global economy, which came about because of establishing a borderless world. Such concept of a borderless world may also be seen through the prism of free ports. Goods and services flow freely through the porous borders and labour can be sourced from any corner of the world. Global financial institutions have facilitated millions of transactions over the years. The once huge gap between developed and developing countries is quite narrow today. Conducting business is increasingly becoming global as mobility, technology and revenue opportunities are witnessed in emerging markets hence tempting firms to expand their operations into these markets to reach new consumers. Despite the recorded economic challenges of the world, going borderless could offer a new prosperity avenue. World trade is projected to rise by 86% in the coming 15 years as the demand for traded goods increase in global markets (Fung & Fung, 2007). A borderless world has presented immense investment and commerce opportunities. Businesses can succeed in the borderless world with commitment and right focus. New technology enables regulatory best practices globally. As emerging markets advance their technological infrastructure, they become revenue opportunity markets. The excellent talent pool available in global markets is another critical driver of globalization thanks to a borderless world. In addition, business regulations, permits and tax compliance have improved tremendously. The borderless world has brought more positive than negative effects to UAE economy. Firstly, creating free border is responsible for improved foreign investment. A survey conducted in the year 2005 revealed that the inflow into UAE of foreign direct investment achieved a

Different types of service organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Different types of service organization - Essay Example Service factory includes services that involve low labour intensity and interaction. These demand huge capital and are standardized. Airlines and motels are the examples of such services. Highly labour intensive services with low interaction fall under mass service. These require low capital and service is provided on a standard basis to all customers. Retail giants such as Walmart follow this formula. Service shops support high degree of customisation and low labour intensity. Hospitals take up this mode of service, by accruing advantage of abundant capital (Inman). Advocates, medical practitioners, engineers etc, who provide professional services, show high customer interaction and customization. They are labour intensive. The success of labour-intensive services depends on employee training and welfare (Lashley 245-251). Keeping abreast technology and sequencing delivery make capital-intensive services attractive. Mass service and service factory are differentiated by ambience, wa rmth and marketing strategies(Verma 121-123). Service quality, sensitivity and responsiveness, coupled with cost-cutting guide highly interactive services.

Legal, Policy and Ethical Aspects of Prescribing Essay

Legal, Policy and Ethical Aspects of Prescribing - Essay Example Are nursing laws, ethics, and policies solely sufficient in making medical prescriptions? This paper will therefore analyze nursing laws, ethics, and policies about prescription. The paper will also evaluate the significance of each factor in making of prescription by nurses. Just like any other practice or professional, nursing is subject to the law. The constitution is the supreme law of a country and this indicate that nursing practice is under the country’s constitution (Adams, 2004). This implies that a self-sufficient nurse needs to know the laws that pertain to prescription. A prescription nurse is also expected to have a good knowledge on over the counter medicine (OTC) and the implication of the concerning them (Graham, 1995). For instance, while administering OTC a nurse should ensure that the prescription order from the doctor matches with the label of dispensed medicine. The rightful user of the medicine should be identified. Correct dosage administered concerning age, body mass index, dosage form, symptoms among other factors. Correct timing should be done. Failure to adhere to one or several of these guidelines leads to legal or ethical implications. A nurse is expected to have knowledge of the statutory law that apply to prescription (Funigiello, 2005). Accurate or lawful prescription of drugs requires the knowledge of manufacturer’s guidance literature. Making prescriptions in accordance to this literature can protect prescription nurses from the consequences of the law following a complaint from a patient According to the law, misappropriate prescription can be judged as a criminal law or civil case under the law of torts (Bodenheimer, & Grumbach, 2005). Nurses have the obligation of patient education whereby supportive guidelines on the correct use of prescribed medication is given. The guidance or briefing should be accurate and should consider enlightening the user on potential dangers. The patient or user of the medication sho uld be able to understand all the instruction. When the patient is suspected to be lacking in understanding of the information given, then their guardians should be briefed instead. This helps the nurse to avoid most torts, which may arise from wrongful prescription guidelines (Purtilo, 2005). It is also a requirement of the law that a patient’s medical and prescription information be held with confidentiality to avoid ethical issues. Although the laws provide the nurse with important guidelines in the nursing practice, the law is bound on internal hospital environment matter implying the need for more analytic principles. Nursing ethics are the accepted codes of conduct in the nursing profession, these codes of conduct provide nurses with important guidelines required during prescription. Nursing ethics are based on human conscience that is based on accepted wrongs and rights (Borkowski, 2005). A nurse is therefore expected to make prescription decisions based on the expecte d outcome of a patient. The committee of safety on medicine (CSM) provide guidelines to nurses that fit well as nursing ethics. Most of the times, cases of disability, mental health complications, critical illnesses and age of patients will demand careful approach especially at times of emergency. Nurses should act at the best interest of the patient whilst following legal and ethical guidelines at the same time. Nursing ethics also provide practising nurse with the

In class essay2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In class essay2 - Essay Example It is highly necessary for the authorities to take action to bury the power lines underground, as this will avoid the chances of vulnerability of the power lines to natural disaster like storm and hurricane. The hurricane sandy has caused millions of people in Northeast to live without power for days. The Connecticut city had 90% living in darkness as hurricane sandy swept fiercely through the city damaging all the power lines. Considering this dangerous fact, it is strongly recommendable to the electricity providers to take action to bury power lines underground to avoid further mishaps. Being a super power, America need to be more thoughtful regarding their infrastructure and power providing system. If the power lines are laid outside then, any natural disaster can harm the electricity supply of the nation. But the government is not considering building power line underground as the cost for the same is high. Because the power lines where constructed above the ground, there was explosion of power station in the North east during sandy’s arrival. In recent times, America has been encountering numerous natural disasters like hurricane, typhoon, storms and wild fires. So the government keeping in mind of these disasters must make immediate strategy to combat catastrophe. Any government must priorities the citizen’s security and quality of life, as the government is by the people, for the people and of the people. North east America being a cold region needs power and electricity more than other areas of US. The government being cost conscious understood their mistake only when disastrous sandy affected the region. Now that the sandy has destroyed the power lines of North east America, the cost incurred by the government is more than imagined. Government’s ignorance and lack of alertness has caused much hassles and disruption in the life of millions of people. If the power lines of these region

The Internet Movie Database Essay Example for Free

The Internet Movie Database Essay As Phileas took his seat, he wondered what the movie he had heard so much about would be like. With the busy life he led working at the store all day and night, he barely ever got time to go to the movies. But, after a long and winding day, he looked for some respite in this movie called ‘The Pursuit of happyness’. The curtain was raised, as the story of a young man named Chris Gardner, living in the midst of the depression of the 1980’s in capitalism-led San Francisco. Phileas saw Chris unfolding the story of his life before him- a life full of struggle tears and despair. ‘That feels familiar,’ Phileas wryly smiled. Chris was not able to get a good education, and amidst the economic crisis and trauma, his wife leaves him with the custody of his young boy Christopher. ‘Dont ever let somebody tell you You cant do something. Not even me. All right? ‘ Chris tells his son, and Phileas is reminded of his own son Joshua, and his heart aches with the earnestness with which he wants his son to have a better life than his own. Around him, Phileas sees people in the audience, and there is a certain melancholy in the air. Smiles, tears and glistening eyes-the atmosphere was mixture of emotions as everyone seemed to feel the sobriety. Phileas breathes heavily as he sees Chris struggle to get a place to sleep every night. Chris does not lose hope, however and applies for an unsalaried internship at Dean Witter. If he proves himself, his dream of becoming a stockbroker might come true, and he might be able to give his son life he himself never had. Phileas could see memory of images flashing before his mind, as he pictured himself working at the store†¦. at home, with his wife and son†¦there is an eerie silence†¦suddenly, someone screams†¦tears†¦rage†¦despair†¦. Phileas can’t take it anymore†¦he wants to escape†¦please, God†¦ ‘The important thing about that freedom train, is its got to climb mountains. We ALL have to climb mountains, you know. Mountains that go way up high, and mountains that go deep and low. Yes, we know what those mountains are here at Glide. We sing about them. ’, Phileas heard a character speak, and he is brought back from his reverie. A smile played around his wrinkled lips as he admires Chris’ wit and humor despite the troublesome times he is facing. Phileas could not help feeling guilty at how he treated his family. How often he would lay hands on them! Oh†¦how much he regretted that†¦but never changed his ways†¦ Phileas leaned over to his left, as he saw Chris on the big screen before him. Here was a man full of belief and optimism. Here was a man who was determined to leave his yesterday behind and work for a better tomorrow. This was the story of one man’s struggle to the top. One could not help but admire the beauty and simplicity of it all-the entire take was effortless, and the expression was truly aesthetic and beautiful. Chris is asked whether he would like to work at Dean Witter. At last! Victory! Phileas felt the warm tears rolling down his cheeks. The emotion is overwhelming. This one moment shall change Chris Gardener’s life, (and, he exclaimed, the movie is based on a true story! ). Phileas sat on his chair, spellbound by the magic and power of the human will. The audience applauded as curtains fell. Suddenly, he felt the weight of the world lifted from his shoulders. He felt he was not alone after all. As Phileas walked out of the cinema, he put on his cap. ‘That was a most wonderful experience! ’ he thought to himself. As he waked past the street lamps, the misery he thought the world was painted with seemed to have faded away. Maybe there was hope for him after all†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢maybe happiness is something that we can only pursue and maybe we can actually never have it’, in Chris’ words. Phileas’ house appeared from behind the trees. He had been so engrossed in his thoughts that he had not realized he had reached home already! Phileas rang the doorbell. The door opened with a creak, and his wife and son stood before him, astonished to see the tears forming in his eyes. In a sudden, inexplicable burst of emotion, Phileas hugged both of them. It was a feeling of love, warmth and hope they had not felt in a long, long time. Phileas could finally be at peace with himself. References: ‘The Pursuit of happyness (2006) Memorable quotes ‘, The Internet Movie Database, http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0454921/quotes

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology Essay

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology Essay Introduction Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial tubes that causes constriction and inflammation of the airways. This results in narrowing of the airways. Airways narrowing in asthma is caused by three major processes that act on bronchi. These are: inflammation, bronchospasm and hyperreactivity. As a result, symptoms of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath occur. (Womenfitness, 2004) This essay will aim to discuss the pathophysiology, epidemiology, aetiology and the various causes of asthma. Furthermore, it will compare recent prevalence rates and patterns that have arisen in recent years. It will also concentrate on the effects of asthma on children and exercise, and the long term effects this may have on lung function. Finally, it will present the hygiene hypothesis that has drawn great attention and speculation over recent years. C:UsersuserPicturesasthma2.jpg Figure 1 adopted from asthma.about.com//def_hyperresponsiveness.htm Phathopysiology: Asthma is known to be an inflammatory disease which is characterised by airway inflammation, airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsivness.The mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma maybe acute, sub acute or chronic. Inflammation is the most important factor that causes narrowing of the bronchial tubes. It increases the thickness of the wall of the bronchial tubes and produces excess mucous that forms plugs and clogs the small airways resulting in a smaller passageway for air to flow through. In irregular air flow obstruction and bronchial airway reactivity, oedema and mucus secretion also contribute to further narrowing of the airways. Thus resulting in difficulty breathing. When asthmatic patients are exposed to triggers such as allergens, irritant and infections, the inflamed or constricted airways becomes more sensitive or reactive to those triggers leading to increase narrowing and inflammation of the airways. As a result an asthmatic person has to make a greater effo rt during expiration and inspiration. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009). Asthma is characterized by an increased number of mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, activated T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils in the bronchial tissues. During an asthma attack, antigen presenting cells e.g. (macrophages or dendritic cells) in the airways capture and process the inhaled allergen to T-lymphocytes which in turn becomes activated. Once T-lymphocyte becomes activated it produces TH1 cells and TH2 cells both secreting cytokines respectively. TH1 release (INF, lymphotoxin, IL-2) .TH2 release (IL-3, IL-4, IL-9, IL-13, IL-15).TH2cells (CD4 T-lymphocytes) has an important role in allergic response. Allergens drives the cytokine pattern towards TH2cells which in turn promotes B cells to produce immunoglobin E (IgE) and eosinophil recruitment .Then IgE binds to high affinity receptor for IgE, Fc-epsilon-R1 on the surface of mast cells and basophils. This leads to degranulation of the cells and the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and other enzymes. The production of histamine and leukotrienes result in bronchial hyperresponsivness and air way obstruction causing the symptoms of asthma. (Morris, 2009) Types of asthma: There are two main types of asthma: Extrinsic or allergy asthma: This type is more common and is responsible for 90%of all cases. It develops in children and is associated with features of atopy such as rhinitis or eczema. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009) Intrinsic asthma: This type is less common and presents for only 10%of all cases. It is more commonly found in women after the age of 30 and is typically not associated with allergies. (ibid 2009) Epidemiology 5.4million people in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma. 1.1million children in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma. There is a person with asthma in one in five household in the UK. (Asthma Uk,2008) The incidence of asthma has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This is not due to the changes in our genetic makeup, however, due to environmental factors (allergens, infection, life style and diet) that influence on the development of asthma. The prevalence of asthma in Wales is amongst the highest in the world. With 260,000 people currently living with the condition and the rate of hospitalization for adults is 28%, it exceeds all other regions in the UK. (Asthma UK, 2009) Mortality and morbidity Asthma affects 5-10% of the population in United States or an estimated 22 million persons, including 6 million children. Asthma is common in industrial countries such as Canada, England, Australia, Germany and New Zealand. The prevalence rate of severe asthma in those countries ranges from 2-10% and is estimated to affect 300million people world wide. There are about 5000 deaths per year in U.S.and about 500 deaths per year in Canada. (Kelly, 2009) C:UsersuserPicturesasthm prevelance.gif Figure3: shows the high percentage of the population affected with asthma was reported in USA, Canada, UK, Australia and NewZeland (>10%). The lowest prevalence were reported in China and India (

Marketing Mix Of Nestle Organization

Marketing Mix Of Nestle Organization (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001) â€Å"The Marketing mix is a set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market†. This is mainly used by organizations to increase the demand of their products in the market by understanding the customer wants (Jobber, 2001). Most of the marketing practitioners regard marketing mix as a tool for transaction marketing and the archetype for operational marketing planning. (Gronroos, 1994:347) Elements of Marketing Mix (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001). MANAGING THE MARKETING MIX Customer Wants Marketing Mix Variables Managing the Marketing Mix (Baker, 1999:302) The above figure describes how a company could by research and successful adaptation can understand and develop products to match the customers requirements. According to Baker (1999: 303), by understanding and matching the needs of the customers efficient management of marketing mix is possible. COMPONENTS OF MARKETING MIX-Impact -Positive and Negative PRODUCT Kotler and Armstrong (2001) define a product as any entity that can be offered to a market by a company for attention, acquisition, consumption or use that might satisfy the needs of their customers. Product Mix Product mix is the total range of products that are manufactured by a company. The major aspects to be considered in product mix are explained below. Variety: Nestle offers a wide product mix that comprises of food, health and nutrition products to meet the customer needs. Nestle offers its products in the following categories: Bottled water, Baby foods, Breakfast cereals, Chocolate and confectionery, Coffee, Dairy products, Drinks, Ice cream, In the Kitchen, Nestle Professional, Nutrition and Health, Pet care. Quality: Nestle is well known for the quality and taste of its products. Nestle Believes that â€Å"Success is built on Quality†. Design: As its variety range, Nestle also has a greater range of design. Nestle make sure all their new products look different and attractive. Features: Nestle have made sure that all their products have special features to make it more attractive to the customers. For example: In case of their ice creams, they have tried to include the special feature that is the low fat and sugar content. Brand name: A strong brand name is important for both the company and the consumers as it adds to the value of the company, differentiates the products from those of its competitors and affects the consumer discernment of the company (Jobber 2007:328). A strong brand name also acts as a source of quality certification and can influence consumer preferences of products. Nestle, through its strong brand name and market presence has captured the heart of the customers worldwide. In the present health- conscious society, Nestle has captivated a loyal customer base through its focus on nutrition and health requirements and consumer preferences at a competitive price and it has enhanced the reputation of the company. â€Å"A Nestle brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies with all regulations and that it meets high standards of quality† Packaging: Packaging involves designing and developing a cover for a product in order to make it attractive to the consumers. Packaging was just a means for protecting the product in the past, but today increase in competition has resulted in the need to differentiate the product from those of its competitors to attract the customers and to describe the features of the product in order to gain consumer recognition. Poor designs can be one of the reasons for reduction in sales of a product due to less customer satisfaction. Nestle uses very attractive packaging as one of their main marketing strategies. For its efforts, Nestle has won several accolades such as the Silver Star and â€Å"Best in category† as â€Å"Best Packaging Innovation leading to a significant reduction in household waste† by the British Institute of Packaging for the Dairy Box biodegradable tray which is manufactured by using renewable resources. PROMOTION Stanton and Futrell (1987:418), describe promotion as an important element of marketing mix which aims in informing and persuading the market about the products and services of the company. According to Baker (1999, 310) the method of communicating the product offer which is made by a company to match the needs of the customers and to persuade them to try the product is Promotion. They feel that the significance of promotion increases when the distance between the producers and customers increase and as the number of customers increase. Promotion activity does not depend on the demand; even if the demand is high promotional activities should go on in order to keep the manufacturers name before the customers. Nestle uses promotion as one of the major source to reach their customers to make them aware of the value of different products introduced in the market. Nestle adopts a promotion mix with a perfect blend of several different promotion tools to promote the value of its product and make the customers aware of their products. Promotion Tools PERSONAL SELLING: According to Stanton and Futrell (1987: 418), personal selling is mainly used when the market is geographically concentrated (Few customers) and when the products are custom made. It is defined as a face to face communication with buyers in the aim of pursuing the customers to purchase by Simon(). Its a one to one marketing. Tele marketing, door drops inserts, Door to door selling are all techniques used in personal selling. Nestle uses personal selling for specialized and sophisticated products. ADVERTISING: Advertising according to Groucutt (2005:215) is to communicate to a specific audience to stimulate action and its success is in the way the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Majaro (1993) says that advertising is any paid form non-personal communication of products, services or ideas through a commercial media. (Stanton and Futrell, 1987) Promotion through advertising is mainly done when the market is geographically dispersed or when the product is standardized. Nestlà ©s advertisements are well known in the market and they have made sure that the advertisements are attractive through all the possible media. Nestle also uses internet to promote their products, where they have different websites hosted for different products. Different strategies for each product like online competitions and distributions. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS Tim Ambler and Demetrios Vakratsas have formulated a framework for studying how advertising works for a company. How Advertising Works (Ambler, Vakratsas 1999:26) They have considered the input to be advertising own and competitive brands. Scheduling the media and message contents are the motivation factors or triggers the consumers response. â€Å"Cognition, the ‘thinking dimension of a persons response, and affect, the ‘feeling dimension, are portrayed as two major intermediate advertising effects† (Ambler, Vakratsas, 1999:26) SALES PROMOTION: Sales promotion represents non- media campaigns such as sampling displays, shows, exhibitions and contests (Majaro, 1993:35). Stanton and Futrell (1987:418) believes that sales promotions one of the fastest growing promotional methods these days. Free samples, Money off coupons, extra value offers buy one get one free, bundling, privilege points are all different methods used in sales promotion. Nestle also uses sales promotion as one of their promotion tools by offering programmes like every day eating coupon codes and discounts and offers for online shopping on nestle products. PUBLICITY: Publicity is a promotional method where the organization is not paying for the communication about its products and is benefiting from it (Stanton and Futrell 1987:419). This occurs either through a non-personal news story appearing in a mass medium or is delivered by a person in an interview or a speech. Publicity is achieved mainly through public relations activities. According to Jobber (2007) sponsorship provides more opportunities for publicity in the media. Nestle is a well known brand in the market and its fame describes its publicity and the further publicity occurs during various interviews of officials of Nestle. Publicity for Nestle also occurs during the launch of every new product and when the annual sale reports are published. This publicity obtained by Nestle is not by paying any of the media. Nestle, public relation activities is evident from how they try to communicate with government organizations as well as the customers about the different issues that they face. Through public relations Nestle try to bring to the attention of all the customers and organizations concerned about various issues and the current approach they are taking towards these issues. PRICE Price is defined as the value of a product that we get in return for all the effort that was taken for its production and also for marketing of the same product. Price is the revenue earner so it is considered as the odd one in the marketing mix. It is also considered as an important market tool which is visible to both customers and competitors (Baker 1985). The price of a product depends on a number of factors like, changes in technology, effect of suppliers, competitive pressure and the increasing price sensitivity of the customers. Price is also directly dependent on the demand of the product. If the demands increase the price will also increase and vice versa. Consumers generally show a keen interest in tracking the prices of the products which they usually purchase. This enables them to analyze the attractiveness of the product and be vigilant about the changes in price of the product, thus enabling them to compare the prices of the product in various stores (Vanhuele and Dreze 2002:72). Pricing of the Product â€Å"Companies usually do not set a single price, but rather develop a pricing structure that reflects variations in geographical demand and costs, market-segment requirements, purchasing timing, order levels, delivery frequency, guarantees, service contract, and other factors† (Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman and Hansen: 2009). According to David Jobber, pricing of a product mainly depends on 3 factors: cost, competitor and the market. COST ORIENTED PRICING The most common method of pricing of a product is cost oriented pricing, in which it is divided into full cost pricing which involves the calculating of cost of all labour and materials and direct cost pricing which involves the calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as output increases. COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICING The approach to pricing which only depends on the competitor rather than costs when framing a business is called competitor oriented pricing. Every consumer will judge the price of a product by comparing it with a similar product in the same range which is produced by their competitor (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001). MARKET ORIENTED PRICING Market oriented pricing is one of the important area which depends on competiveness of a product in the market. For a new product the positioning strategy controls the pricing and for an existing product price will depend on the strategic objectives. Price-Quality Relationships Price is directly dependent on the quality of the product. As the quality of a product increases the price also goes up. Nestle is a quality focused company and hence to compete with current market it need to carry out the pricing process of the product very carefully. Nestle is a very successful company and all its products are at affordable prices. PRODUCT LINE PRICING Most of the companies usually develop product lines rather than single products. In product line pricing the management must decide on the pricing steps to set between various products in a line (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001). In product line pricing, cost difference between the product in the line, evaluation of customers and also the competitors products with small price difference is also taken into account. EXPLICABILITY Explicability is defined as the capability of sales people to explain a high price to customer. In market customer demands the economic justification of product prices. If the sales people fail to give a clear idea of the product development stages, it will reduce the value of product. As Nestle is very innovative it needs a high financial support for its RD and it is not easy to give idea about the product development costs to an ordinary customer. COMPETITION Competition plays an important role in the cost consideration of a product in a business. The main competitors of Nestle are Heinz, Kraft, ConAgra, Mars Incorporated, Hershey, Cadbury, General mills etc. Since all their main competitors are also well branded, they cannot price a product without analyzing the competitors pricing. But the main advantages behind their successful pricing are that they are very superior in its market position. NEGOTIATING MARGINS In certain market customer expects a price reduction in some products. Competitive discounts, fast payment discounts an annual volume bonus and other promotional allowances come under this category. Nestle and its negotiations with its suppliers made them to gain a good reasonable margin in all its goods. EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTORS/RETAILERS Well qualified suppliers and efficient retailers is also a factor which affects the price of a product. If a distributor supplies a product with high price or a retailer sells a product in high margin it will cause the variations in price of the products. Nestle itself agreed that their distributors are well developed and hence the company can control the price of its products. POLITICAL FACTORS Nestle sometimes blames the policies of governments for its poor reflection on the exports. Some of the government policies which results in increase in packaging cost makes the product less competitive in the global exporting market. PLACE Armstrong and Kotler (2001) describes place as the activity of a company to make the products available to the customers. Place Strategies The major factors to be considered while formulating a place strategy are Channels, Coverage, Assortments, Locations, Inventory, Transportation, and Logistics. Channel distribution strategies deal with the decisions on making the products available to the target customers in usable condition. â€Å"A channel of distribution is the combination of institutions through which a seller markets the products to the user or ultimate consumer† (Peter, Donnelly 2004:145). As the time and finances required for setting up a channel of distribution are comparatively high, the place strategies are often critical for the success of a firm. The channels of distribution can be of two different types on the basis of the targeted consumer. It may differ when the end user of the product is a consumer or an organization, the Consumer Marketing Channel and the Business Marketing Channel. Consumer Marketing Channel: Armstrong and Kotler (2001) Nestle adopts the consumer marketing channel where the products from the producer reaches the consumer through the wholesalers or retailers. Nestle has e-marketing for some of its products where the products reach the consumers directly from the producer. Business Marketing Channel (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001) According to Donnelly (2004:150),the channel of distribution strategic decisions are determined on the basis of the following factors: Distribution coverage required Degree of control desired Total distribution cost Channel flexibility Distribution coverage may vary based on the features of the product, the market and the target customers. The company may opt for intensive distribution, selective distribution or exclusive distribution. In the case of intensive distribution, the company tries to sell the product through the maximum number of retailers and wholesalers. In selective distribution, the company may limit the number of wholesalers and retailers which are the best in that market while in the case of exclusive distribution; the manufacturing company may provide exclusive rights for distributing the product to only one or a few distributors. Nestle has adopted intensive distribution strategy in order to make its products available to a large customer base. Nestle products are available through a large number of retail outlets. Besides this, Nestle has also launched an e-shop for promoting its confectionary in Japan which allows the consumers to buy Kit Kat chocolates online. CONCLUSION The coverage of Nestle is world-wide as it has a wide distribution channel and several manufacturing units at different places around the world using marketing mix strategies. â€Å"Marketing logistics involves the planning, implementing and controlling of physical flow of goods, services and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit† (Armstrong and Kotler 2001:342). Nestle underwent a complete re-engineering of its supply chain which was aided by Total Logistics which has benefitted both Nestle and its consumers. â€Å"Nestle has been able to operate composite pallet loads for entire UK, combining beverages and confectionery through two vehicle fleets and two distribution hubs† (http://www.total-logistics.eu.com/logistics-clients/logistics-consultants-case-studies/nestle.html). Through this, Nestle has been able to decrease its fleet size and satisfy smaller delivery volumes without any increase in the costs.